Fresh start

1 files changed, 1428 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/jni/ruby/sprintf.c b/jni/ruby/sprintf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eee79b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jni/ruby/sprintf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1428 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  sprintf.c -
+
+  $Author: akr $
+  created at: Fri Oct 15 10:39:26 JST 1993
+
+  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
+  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "ruby/re.h"
+#include "id.h"
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
+#include <ieeefp.h>
+#endif
+
+#define BIT_DIGITS(N)   (((N)*146)/485 + 1)  /* log2(10) =~ 146/485 */
+
+static void fmt_setup(char*,size_t,int,int,int,int);
+
+static char
+sign_bits(int base, const char *p)
+{
+    char c = '.';
+
+    switch (base) {
+      case 16:
+	if (*p == 'X') c = 'F';
+	else c = 'f';
+	break;
+      case 8:
+	c = '7'; break;
+      case 2:
+	c = '1'; break;
+    }
+    return c;
+}
+
+#define FNONE  0
+#define FSHARP 1
+#define FMINUS 2
+#define FPLUS  4
+#define FZERO  8
+#define FSPACE 16
+#define FWIDTH 32
+#define FPREC  64
+#define FPREC0 128
+
+#define CHECK(l) do {\
+    int cr = ENC_CODERANGE(result);\
+    while (blen + (l) >= bsiz) {\
+	bsiz*=2;\
+    }\
+    rb_str_resize(result, bsiz);\
+    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(result, cr);\
+    buf = RSTRING_PTR(result);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define PUSH(s, l) do { \
+    CHECK(l);\
+    memcpy(&buf[blen], (s), (l));\
+    blen += (l);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define FILL(c, l) do { \
+    CHECK(l);\
+    memset(&buf[blen], (c), (l));\
+    blen += (l);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define GETARG() (nextvalue != Qundef ? nextvalue : \
+		  GETNEXTARG())
+
+#define GETNEXTARG() ( \
+    check_next_arg(posarg, nextarg), \
+    (posarg = nextarg++, GETNTHARG(posarg)))
+
+#define GETPOSARG(n) ( \
+    check_pos_arg(posarg, (n)), \
+    (posarg = -1, GETNTHARG(n)))
+
+#define GETNTHARG(nth) \
+    (((nth) >= argc) ? (rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too few arguments"), 0) : argv[(nth)])
+
+#define CHECKNAMEARG(name, len, enc) ( \
+    check_name_arg(posarg, name, len, enc), \
+    posarg = -2)
+
+#define GETNUM(n, val) \
+    (!(p = get_num(p, end, enc, &(n))) ? \
+     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, #val " too big") : (void)0)
+
+#define GETASTER(val) do { \
+    t = p++; \
+    n = 0; \
+    GETNUM(n, val); \
+    if (*p == '$') { \
+	tmp = GETPOSARG(n); \
+    } \
+    else { \
+	tmp = GETNEXTARG(); \
+	p = t; \
+    } \
+    (val) = NUM2INT(tmp); \
+} while (0)
+
+static const char *
+get_num(const char *p, const char *end, rb_encoding *enc, int *valp)
+{
+    int next_n = *valp;
+    for (; p < end && rb_enc_isdigit(*p, enc); p++) {
+	if (MUL_OVERFLOW_INT_P(10, next_n))
+	    return NULL;
+	next_n *= 10;
+	if (INT_MAX - (*p - '0') < next_n)
+	    return NULL;
+	next_n += *p - '0';
+    }
+    if (p >= end) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "malformed format string - %%*[0-9]");
+    }
+    *valp = next_n;
+    return p;
+}
+
+static void
+check_next_arg(int posarg, int nextarg)
+{
+    switch (posarg) {
+      case -1:
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unnumbered(%d) mixed with numbered", nextarg);
+      case -2:
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unnumbered(%d) mixed with named", nextarg);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+check_pos_arg(int posarg, int n)
+{
+    if (posarg > 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "numbered(%d) after unnumbered(%d)", n, posarg);
+    }
+    if (posarg == -2) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "numbered(%d) after named", n);
+    }
+    if (n < 1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid index - %d$", n);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+check_name_arg(int posarg, const char *name, int len, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    if (posarg > 0) {
+	rb_enc_raise(enc, rb_eArgError, "named%.*s after unnumbered(%d)", len, name, posarg);
+    }
+    if (posarg == -1) {
+	rb_enc_raise(enc, rb_eArgError, "named%.*s after numbered", len, name);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+get_hash(volatile VALUE *hash, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE tmp;
+
+    if (*hash != Qundef) return *hash;
+    if (argc != 2) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "one hash required");
+    }
+    tmp = rb_check_hash_type(argv[1]);
+    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "one hash required");
+    }
+    return (*hash = tmp);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     format(format_string [, arguments...] )   -> string
+ *     sprintf(format_string [, arguments...] )  -> string
+ *
+ *  Returns the string resulting from applying <i>format_string</i> to
+ *  any additional arguments.  Within the format string, any characters
+ *  other than format sequences are copied to the result.
+ *
+ *  The syntax of a format sequence is follows.
+ *
+ *    %[flags][width][.precision]type
+ *
+ *  A format
+ *  sequence consists of a percent sign, followed by optional flags,
+ *  width, and precision indicators, then terminated with a field type
+ *  character.  The field type controls how the corresponding
+ *  <code>sprintf</code> argument is to be interpreted, while the flags
+ *  modify that interpretation.
+ *
+ *  The field type characters are:
+ *
+ *      Field |  Integer Format
+ *      ------+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ *        b   | Convert argument as a binary number.
+ *            | Negative numbers will be displayed as a two's complement
+ *            | prefixed with `..1'.
+ *        B   | Equivalent to `b', but uses an uppercase 0B for prefix
+ *            | in the alternative format by #.
+ *        d   | Convert argument as a decimal number.
+ *        i   | Identical to `d'.
+ *        o   | Convert argument as an octal number.
+ *            | Negative numbers will be displayed as a two's complement
+ *            | prefixed with `..7'.
+ *        u   | Identical to `d'.
+ *        x   | Convert argument as a hexadecimal number.
+ *            | Negative numbers will be displayed as a two's complement
+ *            | prefixed with `..f' (representing an infinite string of
+ *            | leading 'ff's).
+ *        X   | Equivalent to `x', but uses uppercase letters.
+ *
+ *      Field |  Float Format
+ *      ------+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ *        e   | Convert floating point argument into exponential notation
+ *            | with one digit before the decimal point as [-]d.dddddde[+-]dd.
+ *            | The precision specifies the number of digits after the decimal
+ *            | point (defaulting to six).
+ *        E   | Equivalent to `e', but uses an uppercase E to indicate
+ *            | the exponent.
+ *        f   | Convert floating point argument as [-]ddd.dddddd,
+ *            | where the precision specifies the number of digits after
+ *            | the decimal point.
+ *        g   | Convert a floating point number using exponential form
+ *            | if the exponent is less than -4 or greater than or
+ *            | equal to the precision, or in dd.dddd form otherwise.
+ *            | The precision specifies the number of significant digits.
+ *        G   | Equivalent to `g', but use an uppercase `E' in exponent form.
+ *        a   | Convert floating point argument as [-]0xh.hhhhp[+-]dd,
+ *            | which is consisted from optional sign, "0x", fraction part
+ *            | as hexadecimal, "p", and exponential part as decimal.
+ *        A   | Equivalent to `a', but use uppercase `X' and `P'.
+ *
+ *      Field |  Other Format
+ *      ------+--------------------------------------------------------------
+ *        c   | Argument is the numeric code for a single character or
+ *            | a single character string itself.
+ *        p   | The valuing of argument.inspect.
+ *        s   | Argument is a string to be substituted.  If the format
+ *            | sequence contains a precision, at most that many characters
+ *            | will be copied.
+ *        %   | A percent sign itself will be displayed.  No argument taken.
+ *
+ *  The flags modifies the behavior of the formats.
+ *  The flag characters are:
+ *
+ *    Flag     | Applies to    | Meaning
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    space    | bBdiouxX      | Leave a space at the start of
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | non-negative numbers.
+ *             | (numeric fmt) | For `o', `x', `X', `b' and `B', use
+ *             |               | a minus sign with absolute value for
+ *             |               | negative values.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    (digit)$ | all           | Specifies the absolute argument number
+ *             |               | for this field.  Absolute and relative
+ *             |               | argument numbers cannot be mixed in a
+ *             |               | sprintf string.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *     #       | bBoxX         | Use an alternative format.
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | For the conversions `o', increase the precision
+ *             |               | until the first digit will be `0' if
+ *             |               | it is not formatted as complements.
+ *             |               | For the conversions `x', `X', `b' and `B'
+ *             |               | on non-zero, prefix the result with ``0x'',
+ *             |               | ``0X'', ``0b'' and ``0B'', respectively.
+ *             |               | For `a', `A', `e', `E', `f', `g', and 'G',
+ *             |               | force a decimal point to be added,
+ *             |               | even if no digits follow.
+ *             |               | For `g' and 'G', do not remove trailing zeros.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    +        | bBdiouxX      | Add a leading plus sign to non-negative
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | numbers.
+ *             | (numeric fmt) | For `o', `x', `X', `b' and `B', use
+ *             |               | a minus sign with absolute value for
+ *             |               | negative values.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    -        | all           | Left-justify the result of this conversion.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    0 (zero) | bBdiouxX      | Pad with zeros, not spaces.
+ *             | aAeEfgG       | For `o', `x', `X', `b' and `B', radix-1
+ *             | (numeric fmt) | is used for negative numbers formatted as
+ *             |               | complements.
+ *    ---------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
+ *    *        | all           | Use the next argument as the field width.
+ *             |               | If negative, left-justify the result. If the
+ *             |               | asterisk is followed by a number and a dollar
+ *             |               | sign, use the indicated argument as the width.
+ *
+ *  Examples of flags:
+ *
+ *   # `+' and space flag specifies the sign of non-negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%d", 123)  #=> "123"
+ *   sprintf("%+d", 123) #=> "+123"
+ *   sprintf("% d", 123) #=> " 123"
+ *
+ *   # `#' flag for `o' increases number of digits to show `0'.
+ *   # `+' and space flag changes format of negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%o", 123)   #=> "173"
+ *   sprintf("%#o", 123)  #=> "0173"
+ *   sprintf("%+o", -123) #=> "-173"
+ *   sprintf("%o", -123)  #=> "..7605"
+ *   sprintf("%#o", -123) #=> "..7605"
+ *
+ *   # `#' flag for `x' add a prefix `0x' for non-zero numbers.
+ *   # `+' and space flag disables complements for negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%x", 123)   #=> "7b"
+ *   sprintf("%#x", 123)  #=> "0x7b"
+ *   sprintf("%+x", -123) #=> "-7b"
+ *   sprintf("%x", -123)  #=> "..f85"
+ *   sprintf("%#x", -123) #=> "0x..f85"
+ *   sprintf("%#x", 0)    #=> "0"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `X' uses the prefix `0X'.
+ *   sprintf("%X", 123)  #=> "7B"
+ *   sprintf("%#X", 123) #=> "0X7B"
+ *
+ *   # `#' flag for `b' add a prefix `0b' for non-zero numbers.
+ *   # `+' and space flag disables complements for negative numbers.
+ *   sprintf("%b", 123)   #=> "1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%#b", 123)  #=> "0b1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%+b", -123) #=> "-1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%b", -123)  #=> "..10000101"
+ *   sprintf("%#b", -123) #=> "0b..10000101"
+ *   sprintf("%#b", 0)    #=> "0"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `B' uses the prefix `0B'.
+ *   sprintf("%B", 123)  #=> "1111011"
+ *   sprintf("%#B", 123) #=> "0B1111011"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `e' forces to show the decimal point.
+ *   sprintf("%.0e", 1)  #=> "1e+00"
+ *   sprintf("%#.0e", 1) #=> "1.e+00"
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `f' forces to show the decimal point.
+ *   sprintf("%.0f", 1234)  #=> "1234"
+ *   sprintf("%#.0f", 1234) #=> "1234."
+ *
+ *   # `#' for `g' forces to show the decimal point.
+ *   # It also disables stripping lowest zeros.
+ *   sprintf("%g", 123.4)   #=> "123.4"
+ *   sprintf("%#g", 123.4)  #=> "123.400"
+ *   sprintf("%g", 123456)  #=> "123456"
+ *   sprintf("%#g", 123456) #=> "123456."
+ *
+ *  The field width is an optional integer, followed optionally by a
+ *  period and a precision.  The width specifies the minimum number of
+ *  characters that will be written to the result for this field.
+ *
+ *  Examples of width:
+ *
+ *   # padding is done by spaces,       width=20
+ *   # 0 or radix-1.             <------------------>
+ *   sprintf("%20d", 123)   #=> "                 123"
+ *   sprintf("%+20d", 123)  #=> "                +123"
+ *   sprintf("%020d", 123)  #=> "00000000000000000123"
+ *   sprintf("%+020d", 123) #=> "+0000000000000000123"
+ *   sprintf("% 020d", 123) #=> " 0000000000000000123"
+ *   sprintf("%-20d", 123)  #=> "123                 "
+ *   sprintf("%-+20d", 123) #=> "+123                "
+ *   sprintf("%- 20d", 123) #=> " 123                "
+ *   sprintf("%020x", -123) #=> "..ffffffffffffffff85"
+ *
+ *  For
+ *  numeric fields, the precision controls the number of decimal places
+ *  displayed.  For string fields, the precision determines the maximum
+ *  number of characters to be copied from the string.  (Thus, the format
+ *  sequence <code>%10.10s</code> will always contribute exactly ten
+ *  characters to the result.)
+ *
+ *  Examples of precisions:
+ *
+ *   # precision for `d', 'o', 'x' and 'b' is
+ *   # minimum number of digits               <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8d", 123)  #=> "            00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8o", 123)  #=> "            00000173"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8x", 123)  #=> "            0000007b"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8b", 123)  #=> "            01111011"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8d", -123) #=> "           -00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8o", -123) #=> "            ..777605"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8x", -123) #=> "            ..ffff85"
+ *   sprintf("%20.8b", -11)  #=> "            ..110101"
+ *
+ *   # "0x" and "0b" for `#x' and `#b' is not counted for
+ *   # precision but "0" for `#o' is counted.  <------>
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8d", 123)  #=> "            00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8o", 123)  #=> "            00000173"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8x", 123)  #=> "          0x0000007b"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8b", 123)  #=> "          0b01111011"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8d", -123) #=> "           -00000123"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8o", -123) #=> "            ..777605"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8x", -123) #=> "          0x..ffff85"
+ *   sprintf("%#20.8b", -11)  #=> "          0b..110101"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `e' is number of
+ *   # digits after the decimal point           <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8e", 1234.56789) #=> "      1.23456789e+03"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `f' is number of
+ *   # digits after the decimal point               <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8f", 1234.56789) #=> "       1234.56789000"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `g' is number of
+ *   # significant digits                          <------->
+ *   sprintf("%20.8g", 1234.56789) #=> "           1234.5679"
+ *
+ *   #                                         <------->
+ *   sprintf("%20.8g", 123456789)  #=> "       1.2345679e+08"
+ *
+ *   # precision for `s' is
+ *   # maximum number of characters                    <------>
+ *   sprintf("%20.8s", "string test") #=> "            string t"
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *     sprintf("%d %04x", 123, 123)               #=> "123 007b"
+ *     sprintf("%08b '%4s'", 123, 123)            #=> "01111011 ' 123'"
+ *     sprintf("%1$*2$s %2$d %1$s", "hello", 8)   #=> "   hello 8 hello"
+ *     sprintf("%1$*2$s %2$d", "hello", -8)       #=> "hello    -8"
+ *     sprintf("%+g:% g:%-g", 1.23, 1.23, 1.23)   #=> "+1.23: 1.23:1.23"
+ *     sprintf("%u", -123)                        #=> "-123"
+ *
+ *  For more complex formatting, Ruby supports a reference by name.
+ *  %<name>s style uses format style, but %{name} style doesn't.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *    sprintf("%<foo>d : %<bar>f", { :foo => 1, :bar => 2 })
+ *      #=> 1 : 2.000000
+ *    sprintf("%{foo}f", { :foo => 1 })
+ *      # => "1f"
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_f_sprintf(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return rb_str_format(argc - 1, argv + 1, GETNTHARG(0));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_str_format(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE fmt)
+{
+    enum {default_float_precision = 6};
+    rb_encoding *enc;
+    const char *p, *end;
+    char *buf;
+    long blen, bsiz;
+    VALUE result;
+
+    long scanned = 0;
+    int coderange = ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT;
+    int width, prec, flags = FNONE;
+    int nextarg = 1;
+    int posarg = 0;
+    int tainted = 0;
+    VALUE nextvalue;
+    VALUE tmp;
+    VALUE str;
+    volatile VALUE hash = Qundef;
+
+#define CHECK_FOR_WIDTH(f)				 \
+    if ((f) & FWIDTH) {					 \
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "width given twice");	 \
+    }							 \
+    if ((f) & FPREC0) {					 \
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "width after precision"); \
+    }
+#define CHECK_FOR_FLAGS(f)				 \
+    if ((f) & FWIDTH) {					 \
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "flag after width");	 \
+    }							 \
+    if ((f) & FPREC0) {					 \
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "flag after precision"); \
+    }
+
+    ++argc;
+    --argv;
+    if (OBJ_TAINTED(fmt)) tainted = 1;
+    StringValue(fmt);
+    enc = rb_enc_get(fmt);
+    fmt = rb_str_new4(fmt);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(fmt);
+    end = p + RSTRING_LEN(fmt);
+    blen = 0;
+    bsiz = 120;
+    result = rb_str_buf_new(bsiz);
+    rb_enc_copy(result, fmt);
+    buf = RSTRING_PTR(result);
+    memset(buf, 0, bsiz);
+    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(result, coderange);
+
+    for (; p < end; p++) {
+	const char *t;
+	int n;
+	VALUE sym = Qnil;
+
+	for (t = p; t < end && *t != '%'; t++) ;
+	PUSH(p, t - p);
+	if (coderange != ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN && scanned < blen) {
+	    scanned += rb_str_coderange_scan_restartable(buf+scanned, buf+blen, enc, &coderange);
+	    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(result, coderange);
+	}
+	if (t >= end) {
+	    /* end of fmt string */
+	    goto sprint_exit;
+	}
+	p = t + 1;		/* skip `%' */
+
+	width = prec = -1;
+	nextvalue = Qundef;
+      retry:
+	switch (*p) {
+	  default:
+	    if (rb_enc_isprint(*p, enc))
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "malformed format string - %%%c", *p);
+	    else
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "malformed format string");
+	    break;
+
+	  case ' ':
+	    CHECK_FOR_FLAGS(flags);
+	    flags |= FSPACE;
+	    p++;
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '#':
+	    CHECK_FOR_FLAGS(flags);
+	    flags |= FSHARP;
+	    p++;
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '+':
+	    CHECK_FOR_FLAGS(flags);
+	    flags |= FPLUS;
+	    p++;
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '-':
+	    CHECK_FOR_FLAGS(flags);
+	    flags |= FMINUS;
+	    p++;
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '0':
+	    CHECK_FOR_FLAGS(flags);
+	    flags |= FZERO;
+	    p++;
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+	  case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+	    n = 0;
+	    GETNUM(n, width);
+	    if (*p == '$') {
+		if (nextvalue != Qundef) {
+		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "value given twice - %d$", n);
+		}
+		nextvalue = GETPOSARG(n);
+		p++;
+		goto retry;
+	    }
+	    CHECK_FOR_WIDTH(flags);
+	    width = n;
+	    flags |= FWIDTH;
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '<':
+	  case '{':
+	    {
+		const char *start = p;
+		char term = (*p == '<') ? '>' : '}';
+		int len;
+
+		for (; p < end && *p != term; ) {
+		    p += rb_enc_mbclen(p, end, enc);
+		}
+		if (p >= end) {
+		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "malformed name - unmatched parenthesis");
+		}
+#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+		if ((size_t)(p - start) >= INT_MAX) {
+		    const int message_limit = 20;
+		    len = (int)(rb_enc_right_char_head(start, start + message_limit, p, enc) - start);
+		    rb_enc_raise(enc, rb_eArgError,
+				 "too long name (%"PRIdSIZE" bytes) - %.*s...%c",
+				 (size_t)(p - start - 2), len, start, term);
+		}
+#endif
+		len = (int)(p - start + 1); /* including parenthesis */
+		if (sym != Qnil) {
+		    rb_enc_raise(enc, rb_eArgError, "named%.*s after <%"PRIsVALUE">",
+				 len, start, rb_sym2str(sym));
+		}
+		CHECKNAMEARG(start, len, enc);
+		get_hash(&hash, argc, argv);
+		sym = rb_check_symbol_cstr(start + 1,
+					   len - 2 /* without parenthesis */,
+					   enc);
+		if (sym != Qnil) nextvalue = rb_hash_lookup2(hash, sym, Qundef);
+		if (nextvalue == Qundef) {
+		    rb_enc_raise(enc, rb_eKeyError, "key%.*s not found", len, start);
+		}
+		if (term == '}') goto format_s;
+		p++;
+		goto retry;
+	    }
+
+	  case '*':
+	    CHECK_FOR_WIDTH(flags);
+	    flags |= FWIDTH;
+	    GETASTER(width);
+	    if (width < 0) {
+		flags |= FMINUS;
+		width = -width;
+	    }
+	    p++;
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '.':
+	    if (flags & FPREC0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "precision given twice");
+	    }
+	    flags |= FPREC|FPREC0;
+
+	    prec = 0;
+	    p++;
+	    if (*p == '*') {
+		GETASTER(prec);
+		if (prec < 0) {	/* ignore negative precision */
+		    flags &= ~FPREC;
+		}
+		p++;
+		goto retry;
+	    }
+
+	    GETNUM(prec, precision);
+	    goto retry;
+
+	  case '\n':
+	  case '\0':
+	    p--;
+	  case '%':
+	    if (flags != FNONE) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid format character - %%");
+	    }
+	    PUSH("%", 1);
+	    break;
+
+	  case 'c':
+	    {
+		VALUE val = GETARG();
+		VALUE tmp;
+		unsigned int c;
+		int n;
+
+		tmp = rb_check_string_type(val);
+		if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+		    if (rb_enc_strlen(RSTRING_PTR(tmp),RSTRING_END(tmp),enc) != 1) {
+			rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%%c requires a character");
+		    }
+		    c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(RSTRING_PTR(tmp), RSTRING_END(tmp), &n, enc);
+		    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
+		}
+		else {
+		    c = NUM2INT(val);
+		    n = rb_enc_codelen(c, enc);
+		}
+		if (n <= 0) {
+		    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid character");
+		}
+		if (!(flags & FWIDTH)) {
+		    CHECK(n);
+		    rb_enc_mbcput(c, &buf[blen], enc);
+		    blen += n;
+		}
+		else if ((flags & FMINUS)) {
+		    CHECK(n);
+		    rb_enc_mbcput(c, &buf[blen], enc);
+		    blen += n;
+		    FILL(' ', width-1);
+		}
+		else {
+		    FILL(' ', width-1);
+		    CHECK(n);
+		    rb_enc_mbcput(c, &buf[blen], enc);
+		    blen += n;
+		}
+	    }
+	    break;
+
+	  case 's':
+	  case 'p':
+	  format_s:
+	    {
+		VALUE arg = GETARG();
+		long len, slen;
+
+		if (*p == 'p') arg = rb_inspect(arg);
+		str = rb_obj_as_string(arg);
+		if (OBJ_TAINTED(str)) tainted = 1;
+		len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+		rb_str_set_len(result, blen);
+		if (coderange != ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN && scanned < blen) {
+		    int cr = coderange;
+		    scanned += rb_str_coderange_scan_restartable(buf+scanned, buf+blen, enc, &cr);
+		    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(result,
+				      (cr == ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN ?
+				       ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN : (coderange = cr)));
+		}
+		enc = rb_enc_check(result, str);
+		if (flags&(FPREC|FWIDTH)) {
+		    slen = rb_enc_strlen(RSTRING_PTR(str),RSTRING_END(str),enc);
+		    if (slen < 0) {
+			rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid mbstring sequence");
+		    }
+		    if ((flags&FPREC) && (prec < slen)) {
+			char *p = rb_enc_nth(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_END(str),
+					     prec, enc);
+			slen = prec;
+			len = p - RSTRING_PTR(str);
+		    }
+		    /* need to adjust multi-byte string pos */
+		    if ((flags&FWIDTH) && (width > slen)) {
+			width -= (int)slen;
+			if (!(flags&FMINUS)) {
+			    CHECK(width);
+			    while (width--) {
+				buf[blen++] = ' ';
+			    }
+			}
+			CHECK(len);
+			memcpy(&buf[blen], RSTRING_PTR(str), len);
+			RB_GC_GUARD(str);
+			blen += len;
+			if (flags&FMINUS) {
+			    CHECK(width);
+			    while (width--) {
+				buf[blen++] = ' ';
+			    }
+			}
+			rb_enc_associate(result, enc);
+			break;
+		    }
+		}
+		PUSH(RSTRING_PTR(str), len);
+		RB_GC_GUARD(str);
+		rb_enc_associate(result, enc);
+	    }
+	    break;
+
+	  case 'd':
+	  case 'i':
+	  case 'o':
+	  case 'x':
+	  case 'X':
+	  case 'b':
+	  case 'B':
+	  case 'u':
+	    {
+		volatile VALUE val = GETARG();
+                int valsign;
+		char nbuf[64], *s;
+		const char *prefix = 0;
+		int sign = 0, dots = 0;
+		char sc = 0;
+		long v = 0;
+		int base, bignum = 0;
+		int len;
+
+		switch (*p) {
+		  case 'd':
+		  case 'i':
+		  case 'u':
+		    sign = 1; break;
+		  case 'o':
+		  case 'x':
+		  case 'X':
+		  case 'b':
+		  case 'B':
+		    if (flags&(FPLUS|FSPACE)) sign = 1;
+		    break;
+		}
+		if (flags & FSHARP) {
+		    switch (*p) {
+		      case 'o':
+			prefix = "0"; break;
+		      case 'x':
+			prefix = "0x"; break;
+		      case 'X':
+			prefix = "0X"; break;
+		      case 'b':
+			prefix = "0b"; break;
+		      case 'B':
+			prefix = "0B"; break;
+		    }
+		}
+
+	      bin_retry:
+		switch (TYPE(val)) {
+		  case T_FLOAT:
+		    if (FIXABLE(RFLOAT_VALUE(val))) {
+			val = LONG2FIX((long)RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
+			goto bin_retry;
+		    }
+		    val = rb_dbl2big(RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
+		    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) goto bin_retry;
+		    bignum = 1;
+		    break;
+		  case T_STRING:
+		    val = rb_str_to_inum(val, 0, TRUE);
+		    goto bin_retry;
+		  case T_BIGNUM:
+		    bignum = 1;
+		    break;
+		  case T_FIXNUM:
+		    v = FIX2LONG(val);
+		    break;
+		  default:
+		    val = rb_Integer(val);
+		    goto bin_retry;
+		}
+
+		switch (*p) {
+		  case 'o':
+		    base = 8; break;
+		  case 'x':
+		  case 'X':
+		    base = 16; break;
+		  case 'b':
+		  case 'B':
+		    base = 2; break;
+		  case 'u':
+		  case 'd':
+		  case 'i':
+		  default:
+		    base = 10; break;
+		}
+
+                if (base != 10) {
+                    int numbits = ffs(base)-1;
+                    size_t abs_nlz_bits;
+                    size_t numdigits = rb_absint_numwords(val, numbits, &abs_nlz_bits);
+                    long i;
+                    if (INT_MAX-1 < numdigits) /* INT_MAX is used because rb_long2int is used later. */
+                        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "size too big");
+                    if (sign) {
+                        if (numdigits == 0)
+                            numdigits = 1;
+                        tmp = rb_str_new(NULL, numdigits);
+                        valsign = rb_integer_pack(val, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), RSTRING_LEN(tmp),
+                                1, CHAR_BIT-numbits, INTEGER_PACK_BIG_ENDIAN);
+                        for (i = 0; i < RSTRING_LEN(tmp); i++)
+                            RSTRING_PTR(tmp)[i] = ruby_digitmap[((unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(tmp))[i]];
+                        s = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+                        if (valsign < 0) {
+                            sc = '-';
+                            width--;
+                        }
+                        else if (flags & FPLUS) {
+                            sc = '+';
+                            width--;
+                        }
+                        else if (flags & FSPACE) {
+                            sc = ' ';
+                            width--;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /* Following conditional "numdigits++" guarantees the
+                         * most significant digit as
+                         * - '1'(bin), '7'(oct) or 'f'(hex) for negative numbers
+                         * - '0' for zero
+                         * - not '0' for positive numbers.
+                         *
+                         * It also guarantees the most significant two
+                         * digits will not be '11'(bin), '77'(oct), 'ff'(hex)
+                         * or '00'.  */
+                        if (numdigits == 0 ||
+                                ((abs_nlz_bits != (size_t)(numbits-1) ||
+                                  !rb_absint_singlebit_p(val)) &&
+                                 (!bignum ? v < 0 : BIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(val))))
+                            numdigits++;
+                        tmp = rb_str_new(NULL, numdigits);
+                        valsign = rb_integer_pack(val, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), RSTRING_LEN(tmp),
+                                1, CHAR_BIT-numbits, INTEGER_PACK_2COMP | INTEGER_PACK_BIG_ENDIAN);
+                        for (i = 0; i < RSTRING_LEN(tmp); i++)
+                            RSTRING_PTR(tmp)[i] = ruby_digitmap[((unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(tmp))[i]];
+                        s = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+                        dots = valsign < 0;
+                    }
+                    len = rb_long2int(RSTRING_END(tmp) - s);
+                }
+                else if (!bignum) {
+                    valsign = 1;
+                    if (v < 0) {
+                        v = -v;
+                        sc = '-';
+                        width--;
+                        valsign = -1;
+                    }
+                    else if (flags & FPLUS) {
+                        sc = '+';
+                        width--;
+                    }
+                    else if (flags & FSPACE) {
+                        sc = ' ';
+                        width--;
+                    }
+                    snprintf(nbuf, sizeof(nbuf), "%ld", v);
+                    s = nbuf;
+		    len = (int)strlen(s);
+		}
+		else {
+                    tmp = rb_big2str(val, 10);
+                    s = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+                    valsign = 1;
+                    if (s[0] == '-') {
+                        s++;
+                        sc = '-';
+                        width--;
+                        valsign = -1;
+                    }
+                    else if (flags & FPLUS) {
+                        sc = '+';
+                        width--;
+                    }
+                    else if (flags & FSPACE) {
+                        sc = ' ';
+                        width--;
+                    }
+		    len = rb_long2int(RSTRING_END(tmp) - s);
+		}
+
+		if (dots) {
+		    prec -= 2;
+		    width -= 2;
+		}
+
+		if (*p == 'X') {
+		    char *pp = s;
+		    int c;
+		    while ((c = (int)(unsigned char)*pp) != 0) {
+			*pp = rb_enc_toupper(c, enc);
+			pp++;
+		    }
+		}
+		if (prefix && !prefix[1]) { /* octal */
+		    if (dots) {
+			prefix = 0;
+		    }
+		    else if (len == 1 && *s == '0') {
+			len = 0;
+			if (flags & FPREC) prec--;
+		    }
+		    else if ((flags & FPREC) && (prec > len)) {
+			prefix = 0;
+		    }
+		}
+		else if (len == 1 && *s == '0') {
+		    prefix = 0;
+		}
+		if (prefix) {
+		    width -= (int)strlen(prefix);
+		}
+		if ((flags & (FZERO|FMINUS|FPREC)) == FZERO) {
+		    prec = width;
+		    width = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+		    if (prec < len) {
+			if (!prefix && prec == 0 && len == 1 && *s == '0') len = 0;
+			prec = len;
+		    }
+		    width -= prec;
+		}
+		if (!(flags&FMINUS)) {
+		    CHECK(width);
+		    while (width-- > 0) {
+			buf[blen++] = ' ';
+		    }
+		}
+		if (sc) PUSH(&sc, 1);
+		if (prefix) {
+		    int plen = (int)strlen(prefix);
+		    PUSH(prefix, plen);
+		}
+		CHECK(prec - len);
+		if (dots) PUSH("..", 2);
+		if (!sign && valsign < 0) {
+		    char c = sign_bits(base, p);
+		    while (len < prec--) {
+			buf[blen++] = c;
+		    }
+		}
+		else if ((flags & (FMINUS|FPREC)) != FMINUS) {
+		    while (len < prec--) {
+			buf[blen++] = '0';
+		    }
+		}
+		PUSH(s, len);
+		RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
+		CHECK(width);
+		while (width-- > 0) {
+		    buf[blen++] = ' ';
+		}
+	    }
+	    break;
+
+	  case 'f':
+	    {
+		VALUE val = GETARG(), num, den;
+		int sign = (flags&FPLUS) ? 1 : 0, zero = 0;
+		long len, done = 0;
+		int prefix = 0;
+		if (!RB_TYPE_P(val, T_RATIONAL)) {
+		    nextvalue = val;
+		    goto float_value;
+		}
+		if (!(flags&FPREC)) prec = default_float_precision;
+		den = rb_rational_den(val);
+		num = rb_rational_num(val);
+		if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
+		    if ((SIGNED_VALUE)num < 0) {
+			long n = -FIX2LONG(num);
+			num = LONG2FIX(n);
+			sign = -1;
+		    }
+		}
+		else if (rb_num_negative_p(num)) {
+		    sign = -1;
+		    num = rb_funcallv(num, idUMinus, 0, 0);
+		}
+		if (den != INT2FIX(1) || prec > 1) {
+		    const ID idDiv = rb_intern("div");
+		    VALUE p10 = rb_int_positive_pow(10, prec);
+		    VALUE den_2 = rb_funcall(den, idDiv, 1, INT2FIX(2));
+		    num = rb_funcallv(num, '*', 1, &p10);
+		    num = rb_funcallv(num, '+', 1, &den_2);
+		    num = rb_funcallv(num, idDiv, 1, &den);
+		}
+		else if (prec >= 0) {
+		    zero = prec;
+		}
+		val = rb_obj_as_string(num);
+		len = RSTRING_LEN(val) + zero;
+		if (prec >= len) ++len; /* integer part 0 */
+		if (sign || (flags&FSPACE)) ++len;
+		if (prec > 0) ++len; /* period */
+		CHECK(len > width ? len : width);
+		if (sign || (flags&FSPACE)) {
+		    buf[blen++] = sign > 0 ? '+' : sign < 0 ? '-' : ' ';
+		    prefix++;
+		    done++;
+		}
+		len = RSTRING_LEN(val) + zero;
+		t = RSTRING_PTR(val);
+		if (len > prec) {
+		    memcpy(&buf[blen], t, len - prec);
+		    blen += len - prec;
+		    done += len - prec;
+		}
+		else {
+		    buf[blen++] = '0';
+		    done++;
+		}
+		if (prec > 0) {
+		    buf[blen++] = '.';
+		    done++;
+		}
+		if (zero) {
+		    FILL('0', zero);
+		    done += zero;
+		}
+		else if (prec > len) {
+		    FILL('0', prec - len);
+		    memcpy(&buf[blen], t, len);
+		    blen += len;
+		    done += prec;
+		}
+		else if (prec > 0) {
+		    memcpy(&buf[blen], t + len - prec, prec);
+		    blen += prec;
+		    done += prec;
+		}
+		if ((flags & FWIDTH) && width > done) {
+		    if (!(flags&FMINUS)) {
+			long i, shifting = (flags&FZERO) ? done - prefix : done;
+			for (i = 1; i <= shifting; i++)
+			    buf[width - i] = buf[done - i];
+			blen -= shifting;
+			FILL((flags&FZERO) ? '0' : ' ', width - done);
+			blen += shifting;
+		    } else {
+			FILL(' ', width - done);
+		    }
+		}
+		RB_GC_GUARD(val);
+		break;
+	    }
+	  case 'g':
+	  case 'G':
+	  case 'e':
+	  case 'E':
+	    /* TODO: rational support */
+	  case 'a':
+	  case 'A':
+	  float_value:
+	    {
+		VALUE val = GETARG();
+		double fval;
+		int i, need;
+		char fbuf[32];
+
+		fval = RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_Float(val));
+		if (isnan(fval) || isinf(fval)) {
+		    const char *expr;
+
+		    if (isnan(fval)) {
+			expr = "NaN";
+		    }
+		    else {
+			expr = "Inf";
+		    }
+		    need = (int)strlen(expr);
+		    if ((!isnan(fval) && fval < 0.0) || (flags & FPLUS))
+			need++;
+		    if ((flags & FWIDTH) && need < width)
+			need = width;
+
+		    CHECK(need + 1);
+		    snprintf(&buf[blen], need + 1, "%*s", need, "");
+		    if (flags & FMINUS) {
+			if (!isnan(fval) && fval < 0.0)
+			    buf[blen++] = '-';
+			else if (flags & FPLUS)
+			    buf[blen++] = '+';
+			else if (flags & FSPACE)
+			    blen++;
+			memcpy(&buf[blen], expr, strlen(expr));
+		    }
+		    else {
+			if (!isnan(fval) && fval < 0.0)
+			    buf[blen + need - strlen(expr) - 1] = '-';
+			else if (flags & FPLUS)
+			    buf[blen + need - strlen(expr) - 1] = '+';
+			else if ((flags & FSPACE) && need > width)
+			    blen++;
+			memcpy(&buf[blen + need - strlen(expr)], expr,
+			       strlen(expr));
+		    }
+		    blen += strlen(&buf[blen]);
+		    break;
+		}
+
+		fmt_setup(fbuf, sizeof(fbuf), *p, flags, width, prec);
+		need = 0;
+		if (*p != 'e' && *p != 'E') {
+		    i = INT_MIN;
+		    frexp(fval, &i);
+		    if (i > 0)
+			need = BIT_DIGITS(i);
+		}
+		need += (flags&FPREC) ? prec : default_float_precision;
+		if ((flags&FWIDTH) && need < width)
+		    need = width;
+		need += 20;
+
+		CHECK(need);
+		snprintf(&buf[blen], need, fbuf, fval);
+		blen += strlen(&buf[blen]);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	}
+	flags = FNONE;
+    }
+
+  sprint_exit:
+    RB_GC_GUARD(fmt);
+    /* XXX - We cannot validate the number of arguments if (digit)$ style used.
+     */
+    if (posarg >= 0 && nextarg < argc) {
+	const char *mesg = "too many arguments for format string";
+	if (RTEST(ruby_debug)) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%s", mesg);
+	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) rb_warn("%s", mesg);
+    }
+    rb_str_resize(result, blen);
+
+    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void
+fmt_setup(char *buf, size_t size, int c, int flags, int width, int prec)
+{
+    char *end = buf + size;
+    *buf++ = '%';
+    if (flags & FSHARP) *buf++ = '#';
+    if (flags & FPLUS)  *buf++ = '+';
+    if (flags & FMINUS) *buf++ = '-';
+    if (flags & FZERO)  *buf++ = '0';
+    if (flags & FSPACE) *buf++ = ' ';
+
+    if (flags & FWIDTH) {
+	snprintf(buf, end - buf, "%d", width);
+	buf += strlen(buf);
+    }
+
+    if (flags & FPREC) {
+	snprintf(buf, end - buf, ".%d", prec);
+	buf += strlen(buf);
+    }
+
+    *buf++ = c;
+    *buf = '\0';
+}
+
+#undef FILE
+#define FILE rb_printf_buffer
+#define __sbuf rb_printf_sbuf
+#define __sFILE rb_printf_sfile
+#undef feof
+#undef ferror
+#undef clearerr
+#undef fileno
+#if SIZEOF_LONG < SIZEOF_VOIDP
+# if  SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
+#  define _HAVE_SANE_QUAD_
+#  define _HAVE_LLP64_
+#  define quad_t LONG_LONG
+#  define u_quad_t unsigned LONG_LONG
+# endif
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG != SIZEOF_LONG_LONG && SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
+# define _HAVE_SANE_QUAD_
+# define quad_t LONG_LONG
+# define u_quad_t unsigned LONG_LONG
+#endif
+#define FLOATING_POINT 1
+#define BSD__dtoa ruby_dtoa
+#define BSD__hdtoa ruby_hdtoa
+#ifdef RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK
+# define PRI_EXTRA_MARK RUBY_PRI_VALUE_MARK
+#endif
+#include "vsnprintf.c"
+
+typedef struct {
+    rb_printf_buffer base;
+    volatile VALUE value;
+} rb_printf_buffer_extra;
+
+static int
+ruby__sfvwrite(register rb_printf_buffer *fp, register struct __suio *uio)
+{
+    struct __siov *iov;
+    VALUE result = (VALUE)fp->_bf._base;
+    char *buf = (char*)fp->_p;
+    size_t len, n;
+    size_t blen = buf - RSTRING_PTR(result), bsiz = fp->_w;
+
+    if (RBASIC(result)->klass) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rb_vsprintf reentered");
+    }
+    if ((len = uio->uio_resid) == 0)
+	return 0;
+    CHECK(len);
+    buf += blen;
+    fp->_w = bsiz;
+    for (iov = uio->uio_iov; len > 0; ++iov) {
+	MEMCPY(buf, iov->iov_base, char, n = iov->iov_len);
+	buf += n;
+	len -= n;
+    }
+    fp->_p = (unsigned char *)buf;
+    rb_str_set_len(result, buf - RSTRING_PTR(result));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static char *
+ruby__sfvextra(rb_printf_buffer *fp, size_t valsize, void *valp, long *sz, int sign)
+{
+    VALUE value, result = (VALUE)fp->_bf._base;
+    rb_encoding *enc;
+    char *cp;
+
+    if (valsize != sizeof(VALUE)) return 0;
+    value = *(VALUE *)valp;
+    if (RBASIC(result)->klass) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rb_vsprintf reentered");
+    }
+    if (sign == '+') {
+	value = rb_inspect(value);
+    }
+    else {
+	value = rb_obj_as_string(value);
+	if (sign == ' ') value = QUOTE(value);
+    }
+    enc = rb_enc_compatible(result, value);
+    if (enc) {
+	rb_enc_associate(result, enc);
+    }
+    else {
+	enc = rb_enc_get(result);
+	value = rb_str_conv_enc_opts(value, rb_enc_get(value), enc,
+				     ECONV_UNDEF_REPLACE|ECONV_INVALID_REPLACE,
+				     Qnil);
+	*(volatile VALUE *)valp = value;
+    }
+    StringValueCStr(value);
+    RSTRING_GETMEM(value, cp, *sz);
+    ((rb_printf_buffer_extra *)fp)->value = value;
+    OBJ_INFECT(result, value);
+    return cp;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_enc_vsprintf(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+    rb_printf_buffer_extra buffer;
+#define f buffer.base
+    VALUE result;
+
+    f._flags = __SWR | __SSTR;
+    f._bf._size = 0;
+    f._w = 120;
+    result = rb_str_buf_new(f._w);
+    if (enc) {
+	if (rb_enc_mbminlen(enc) > 1) {
+	    /* the implementation deeply depends on plain char */
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot construct wchar_t based encoding string: %s",
+		     rb_enc_name(enc));
+	}
+	rb_enc_associate(result, enc);
+    }
+    f._bf._base = (unsigned char *)result;
+    f._p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(result);
+    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(result);
+    f.vwrite = ruby__sfvwrite;
+    f.vextra = ruby__sfvextra;
+    buffer.value = 0;
+    BSD_vfprintf(&f, fmt, ap);
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(result, rb_cString);
+    rb_str_resize(result, (char *)f._p - RSTRING_PTR(result));
+#undef f
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_enc_sprintf(rb_encoding *enc, const char *format, ...)
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    va_list ap;
+
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    result = rb_enc_vsprintf(enc, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_vsprintf(const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+    return rb_enc_vsprintf(NULL, fmt, ap);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_sprintf(const char *format, ...)
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    va_list ap;
+
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    result = rb_vsprintf(format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_str_vcatf(VALUE str, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+    rb_printf_buffer_extra buffer;
+#define f buffer.base
+    VALUE klass;
+
+    StringValue(str);
+    rb_str_modify(str);
+    f._flags = __SWR | __SSTR;
+    f._bf._size = 0;
+    f._w = rb_str_capacity(str);
+    f._bf._base = (unsigned char *)str;
+    f._p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_END(str);
+    klass = RBASIC(str)->klass;
+    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(str);
+    f.vwrite = ruby__sfvwrite;
+    f.vextra = ruby__sfvextra;
+    buffer.value = 0;
+    BSD_vfprintf(&f, fmt, ap);
+    RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(str, klass);
+    rb_str_resize(str, (char *)f._p - RSTRING_PTR(str));
+#undef f
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_str_catf(VALUE str, const char *format, ...)
+{
+    va_list ap;
+
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    str = rb_str_vcatf(str, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    return str;
+}