Fresh start

1 files changed, 2227 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/jni/ruby/error.c b/jni/ruby/error.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..796dee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jni/ruby/error.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2227 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  error.c -
+
+  $Author: naruse $
+  created at: Mon Aug  9 16:11:34 JST 1993
+
+  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "ruby/st.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#endif
+#include <errno.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WIFEXITED
+#define WIFEXITED(status) 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WEXITSTATUS
+#define WEXITSTATUS(status) (status)
+#endif
+
+VALUE rb_eEAGAIN;
+VALUE rb_eEWOULDBLOCK;
+VALUE rb_eEINPROGRESS;
+
+extern const char ruby_description[];
+
+static const char REPORTBUG_MSG[] =
+	"[NOTE]\n" \
+	"You may have encountered a bug in the Ruby interpreter" \
+	" or extension libraries.\n" \
+	"Bug reports are welcome.\n" \
+	""
+#if defined __APPLE__
+	"Don't forget to include the above Crash Report log file.\n"
+#endif
+	"For details: http://www.ruby-lang.org/bugreport.html\n\n" \
+    ;
+
+static const char *
+rb_strerrno(int err)
+{
+#define defined_error(name, num) if (err == (num)) return (name);
+#define undefined_error(name)
+#include "known_errors.inc"
+#undef defined_error
+#undef undefined_error
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int
+err_position_0(char *buf, long len, const char *file, int line)
+{
+    if (!file) {
+	return 0;
+    }
+    else if (line == 0) {
+	return snprintf(buf, len, "%s: ", file);
+    }
+    else {
+	return snprintf(buf, len, "%s:%d: ", file, line);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+compile_snprintf(rb_encoding *enc, const char *pre, const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, va_list args)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);
+
+    if (file) {
+	rb_str_cat2(str, file);
+	if (line) rb_str_catf(str, ":%d", line);
+	rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
+    }
+    if (pre) rb_str_cat2(str, pre);
+    rb_str_vcatf(str, fmt, args);
+    return str;
+}
+
+static void
+compile_err_append(VALUE mesg)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE err = th->errinfo;
+    rb_block_t *prev_base_block = th->base_block;
+    th->base_block = 0;
+    /* base_block should be zero while normal Ruby execution */
+    /* after this line, any Ruby code *can* run */
+
+    if (th->mild_compile_error) {
+	if (RTEST(err)) {
+	    VALUE str = rb_obj_as_string(err);
+
+	    rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
+	    rb_str_append(str, mesg);
+	    mesg = str;
+	}
+	err = rb_exc_new3(rb_eSyntaxError, mesg);
+	th->errinfo = err;
+    }
+    else {
+	if (!RTEST(err)) {
+	    err = rb_exc_new2(rb_eSyntaxError, "compile error");
+	    th->errinfo = err;
+	}
+	rb_str_cat2(mesg, "\n");
+	rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+    }
+
+    /* returned to the parser world */
+    th->base_block = prev_base_block;
+}
+
+void
+rb_compile_error_with_enc(const char *file, int line, void *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    str = compile_snprintf(enc, NULL, file, line, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    compile_err_append(str);
+}
+
+void
+rb_compile_error(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    str = compile_snprintf(NULL, NULL, file, line, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    compile_err_append(str);
+}
+
+void
+rb_compile_error_append(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    str = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    compile_err_append(str);
+}
+
+static void
+compile_warn_print(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, va_list args)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+
+    str = compile_snprintf(NULL, "warning: ", file, line, fmt, args);
+    rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
+    rb_write_error_str(str);
+}
+
+void
+rb_compile_warn(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+
+    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    compile_warn_print(file, line, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+}
+
+/* rb_compile_warning() reports only in verbose mode */
+void
+rb_compile_warning(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+
+    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    compile_warn_print(file, line, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+warning_string(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, va_list args)
+{
+    VALUE str = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);
+    VALUE file = rb_sourcefilename();
+
+    if (!NIL_P(file)) {
+	int line = rb_sourceline();
+	str = rb_str_append(str, file);
+	if (line) rb_str_catf(str, ":%d", line);
+	rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
+    }
+
+    rb_str_cat2(str, "warning: ");
+    rb_str_vcatf(str, fmt, args);
+    rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
+    return str;
+}
+
+void
+rb_warn(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
+    va_list args;
+
+    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+}
+
+#if 0
+void
+rb_enc_warn(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
+    va_list args;
+
+    if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* rb_warning() reports only in verbose mode */
+void
+rb_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
+    va_list args;
+
+    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+}
+
+#if 0
+void
+rb_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
+    va_list args;
+
+    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    warn(msg, ...)   -> nil
+ *
+ * Displays each of the given messages followed by a record separator on
+ * STDERR unless warnings have been disabled (for example with the
+ * <code>-W0</code> flag).
+ *
+ *    warn("warning 1", "warning 2")
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *    warning 1
+ *    warning 2
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_warn_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose) && argc > 0) {
+	rb_io_puts(argc, argv, rb_stderr);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+#define MAX_BUG_REPORTERS 0x100
+
+static struct bug_reporters {
+    void (*func)(FILE *out, void *data);
+    void *data;
+} bug_reporters[MAX_BUG_REPORTERS];
+
+static int bug_reporters_size;
+
+int
+rb_bug_reporter_add(void (*func)(FILE *, void *), void *data)
+{
+    struct bug_reporters *reporter;
+    if (bug_reporters_size >= MAX_BUG_REPORTERS) {
+	return 0; /* failed to register */
+    }
+    reporter = &bug_reporters[bug_reporters_size++];
+    reporter->func = func;
+    reporter->data = data;
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* SIGSEGV handler might have a very small stack. Thus we need to use it carefully. */
+#define REPORT_BUG_BUFSIZ 256
+static FILE *
+bug_report_file(const char *file, int line)
+{
+    char buf[REPORT_BUG_BUFSIZ];
+    FILE *out = stderr;
+    int len = err_position_0(buf, sizeof(buf), file, line);
+
+    if ((ssize_t)fwrite(buf, 1, len, out) == (ssize_t)len ||
+	(ssize_t)fwrite(buf, 1, len, (out = stdout)) == (ssize_t)len) {
+	return out;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+bug_report_begin(FILE *out, const char *fmt, va_list args)
+{
+    char buf[REPORT_BUG_BUFSIZ];
+
+    fputs("[BUG] ", out);
+    vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
+    fputs(buf, out);
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\n%s\n\n", ruby_description);
+    fputs(buf, out);
+}
+
+#define bug_report_begin(out, fmt) do { \
+    va_list args; \
+    va_start(args, fmt); \
+    bug_report_begin(out, fmt, args); \
+    va_end(args); \
+} while (0)
+
+static void
+bug_report_end(FILE *out)
+{
+    /* call additional bug reporters */
+    {
+	int i;
+	for (i=0; i<bug_reporters_size; i++) {
+	    struct bug_reporters *reporter = &bug_reporters[i];
+	    (*reporter->func)(out, reporter->data);
+	}
+    }
+    fprintf(out, REPORTBUG_MSG);
+}
+
+#define report_bug(file, line, fmt, ctx) do { \
+    FILE *out = bug_report_file(file, line); \
+    if (out) { \
+	bug_report_begin(out, fmt); \
+	rb_vm_bugreport(ctx); \
+	bug_report_end(out); \
+    } \
+} while (0) \
+
+NORETURN(static void die(void));
+static void
+die(void)
+{
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION) && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
+    _set_abort_behavior( 0, _CALL_REPORTFAULT);
+#endif
+
+    abort();
+}
+
+void
+rb_bug(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    const char *file = NULL;
+    int line = 0;
+
+    if (GET_THREAD()) {
+	file = rb_sourcefile();
+	line = rb_sourceline();
+    }
+
+    report_bug(file, line, fmt, NULL);
+
+    die();
+}
+
+void
+rb_bug_context(const void *ctx, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    const char *file = NULL;
+    int line = 0;
+
+    if (GET_THREAD()) {
+	file = rb_sourcefile();
+	line = rb_sourceline();
+    }
+
+    report_bug(file, line, fmt, ctx);
+
+    die();
+}
+
+
+void
+rb_bug_errno(const char *mesg, int errno_arg)
+{
+    if (errno_arg == 0)
+        rb_bug("%s: errno == 0 (NOERROR)", mesg);
+    else {
+        const char *errno_str = rb_strerrno(errno_arg);
+        if (errno_str)
+            rb_bug("%s: %s (%s)", mesg, strerror(errno_arg), errno_str);
+        else
+            rb_bug("%s: %s (%d)", mesg, strerror(errno_arg), errno_arg);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * this is safe to call inside signal handler and timer thread
+ * (which isn't a Ruby Thread object)
+ */
+#define write_or_abort(fd, str, len) (write((fd), (str), (len)) < 0 ? abort() : (void)0)
+#define WRITE_CONST(fd,str) write_or_abort((fd),(str),sizeof(str) - 1)
+
+void
+rb_async_bug_errno(const char *mesg, int errno_arg)
+{
+    WRITE_CONST(2, "[ASYNC BUG] ");
+    write_or_abort(2, mesg, strlen(mesg));
+    WRITE_CONST(2, "\n");
+
+    if (errno_arg == 0) {
+	WRITE_CONST(2, "errno == 0 (NOERROR)\n");
+    }
+    else {
+	const char *errno_str = rb_strerrno(errno_arg);
+
+	if (!errno_str)
+	    errno_str = "undefined errno";
+	write_or_abort(2, errno_str, strlen(errno_str));
+    }
+    WRITE_CONST(2, "\n\n");
+    write_or_abort(2, ruby_description, strlen(ruby_description));
+    WRITE_CONST(2, "\n\n");
+    WRITE_CONST(2, REPORTBUG_MSG);
+    abort();
+}
+
+void
+rb_compile_bug(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    report_bug(file, line, fmt, NULL);
+
+    abort();
+}
+
+static const char builtin_types[][10] = {
+    "", 			/* 0x00, */
+    "Object",
+    "Class",
+    "Module",
+    "Float",
+    "String",
+    "Regexp",
+    "Array",
+    "Hash",
+    "Struct",
+    "Bignum",
+    "File",
+    "Data",			/* internal use: wrapped C pointers */
+    "MatchData",		/* data of $~ */
+    "Complex",
+    "Rational",
+    "",				/* 0x10 */
+    "nil",
+    "true",
+    "false",
+    "Symbol",			/* :symbol */
+    "Fixnum",
+    "",				/* 0x16 */
+    "",				/* 0x17 */
+    "",				/* 0x18 */
+    "",				/* 0x19 */
+    "",				/* 0x1a */
+    "undef",			/* internal use: #undef; should not happen */
+    "Node",			/* internal use: syntax tree node */
+    "iClass",			/* internal use: mixed-in module holder */
+};
+
+const char *
+rb_builtin_type_name(int t)
+{
+    const char *name;
+    if ((unsigned int)t >= numberof(builtin_types)) return 0;
+    name = builtin_types[t];
+    if (*name) return name;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#define builtin_class_name rb_builtin_class_name
+const char *
+rb_builtin_class_name(VALUE x)
+{
+    const char *etype;
+
+    if (NIL_P(x)) {
+	etype = "nil";
+    }
+    else if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
+	etype = "Fixnum";
+    }
+    else if (SYMBOL_P(x)) {
+	etype = "Symbol";
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_TRUE)) {
+	etype = "true";
+    }
+    else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_FALSE)) {
+	etype = "false";
+    }
+    else {
+	etype = rb_obj_classname(x);
+    }
+    return etype;
+}
+
+void
+rb_check_type(VALUE x, int t)
+{
+    int xt;
+
+    if (x == Qundef) {
+	rb_bug("undef leaked to the Ruby space");
+    }
+
+    xt = TYPE(x);
+    if (xt != t || (xt == T_DATA && RTYPEDDATA_P(x))) {
+	const char *tname = rb_builtin_type_name(t);
+	if (tname) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
+		     builtin_class_name(x), tname);
+	}
+	if (xt > T_MASK && xt <= 0x3f) {
+	    rb_fatal("unknown type 0x%x (0x%x given, probably comes from extension library for ruby 1.8)", t, xt);
+	}
+	rb_bug("unknown type 0x%x (0x%x given)", t, xt);
+    }
+}
+
+int
+rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *parent)
+{
+    while (child) {
+	if (child == parent) return 1;
+	child = child->parent;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
+{
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA) ||
+	!RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) || !rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type)) {
+	return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+void *
+rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
+{
+    const char *etype;
+    static const char mesg[] = "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)";
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA)) {
+	etype = builtin_class_name(obj);
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, mesg, etype, data_type->wrap_struct_name);
+    }
+    if (!RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
+	etype = rb_obj_classname(obj);
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, mesg, etype, data_type->wrap_struct_name);
+    }
+    else if (!rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type)) {
+	etype = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name;
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, mesg, etype, data_type->wrap_struct_name);
+    }
+    return DATA_PTR(obj);
+}
+
+/* exception classes */
+VALUE rb_eException;
+VALUE rb_eSystemExit;
+VALUE rb_eInterrupt;
+VALUE rb_eSignal;
+VALUE rb_eFatal;
+VALUE rb_eStandardError;
+VALUE rb_eRuntimeError;
+VALUE rb_eTypeError;
+VALUE rb_eArgError;
+VALUE rb_eIndexError;
+VALUE rb_eKeyError;
+VALUE rb_eRangeError;
+VALUE rb_eNameError;
+VALUE rb_eEncodingError;
+VALUE rb_eEncCompatError;
+VALUE rb_eNoMethodError;
+VALUE rb_eSecurityError;
+VALUE rb_eNotImpError;
+VALUE rb_eNoMemError;
+VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;
+
+VALUE rb_eScriptError;
+VALUE rb_eSyntaxError;
+VALUE rb_eLoadError;
+
+VALUE rb_eSystemCallError;
+VALUE rb_mErrno;
+static VALUE rb_eNOERROR;
+
+#undef rb_exc_new_cstr
+
+VALUE
+rb_exc_new(VALUE etype, const char *ptr, long len)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(etype, rb_intern("new"), 1, rb_str_new(ptr, len));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_exc_new_cstr(VALUE etype, const char *s)
+{
+    return rb_exc_new(etype, s, strlen(s));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_exc_new_str(VALUE etype, VALUE str)
+{
+    StringValue(str);
+    return rb_funcall(etype, rb_intern("new"), 1, str);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Exception.new(msg = nil)   ->  exception
+ *
+ *  Construct a new Exception object, optionally passing in
+ *  a message.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE arg;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg);
+    rb_iv_set(exc, "mesg", arg);
+    rb_iv_set(exc, "bt", Qnil);
+
+    return exc;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-method: exception
+ *
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     exc.exception(string)  ->  an_exception or exc
+ *
+ *  With no argument, or if the argument is the same as the receiver,
+ *  return the receiver. Otherwise, create a new
+ *  exception object of the same class as the receiver, but with a
+ *  message equal to <code>string.to_str</code>.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_exception(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE exc;
+
+    if (argc == 0) return self;
+    if (argc == 1 && self == argv[0]) return self;
+    exc = rb_obj_clone(self);
+    exc_initialize(argc, argv, exc);
+
+    return exc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   exception.to_s   ->  string
+ *
+ * Returns exception's message (or the name of the exception if
+ * no message is set).
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_to_s(VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, rb_intern("mesg"));
+
+    if (NIL_P(mesg)) return rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(exc));
+    return rb_String(mesg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   exception.message   ->  string
+ *
+ * Returns the result of invoking <code>exception.to_s</code>.
+ * Normally this returns the exception's message or name. By
+ * supplying a to_str method, exceptions are agreeing to
+ * be used where Strings are expected.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_message(VALUE exc)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(exc, rb_intern("to_s"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   exception.inspect   -> string
+ *
+ * Return this exception's class name and message
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE str, klass;
+
+    klass = CLASS_OF(exc);
+    exc = rb_obj_as_string(exc);
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(exc) == 0) {
+	return rb_str_dup(rb_class_name(klass));
+    }
+
+    str = rb_str_buf_new2("#<");
+    klass = rb_class_name(klass);
+    rb_str_buf_append(str, klass);
+    rb_str_buf_cat(str, ": ", 2);
+    rb_str_buf_append(str, exc);
+    rb_str_buf_cat(str, ">", 1);
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     exception.backtrace    -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. The backtrace
+ *  is an array of strings, each containing either ``filename:lineNo: in
+ *  `method''' or ``filename:lineNo.''
+ *
+ *     def a
+ *       raise "boom"
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     def b
+ *       a()
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     begin
+ *       b()
+ *     rescue => detail
+ *       print detail.backtrace.join("\n")
+ *     end
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     prog.rb:2:in `a'
+ *     prog.rb:6:in `b'
+ *     prog.rb:10
+*/
+
+static VALUE
+exc_backtrace(VALUE exc)
+{
+    ID bt;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    CONST_ID(bt, "bt");
+    obj = rb_attr_get(exc, bt);
+
+    if (rb_backtrace_p(obj)) {
+	obj = rb_backtrace_to_str_ary(obj);
+	/* rb_iv_set(exc, "bt", obj); */
+    }
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     exception.backtrace_locations    -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. This method is
+ *  similar to Exception#backtrace, but the backtrace is an array of
+ *   Thread::Backtrace::Location.
+ *
+ *  Now, this method is not affected by Exception#set_backtrace().
+ */
+static VALUE
+exc_backtrace_locations(VALUE exc)
+{
+    ID bt_locations;
+    VALUE obj;
+
+    CONST_ID(bt_locations, "bt_locations");
+    obj = rb_attr_get(exc, bt_locations);
+    if (!NIL_P(obj)) {
+	obj = rb_backtrace_to_location_ary(obj);
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_check_backtrace(VALUE bt)
+{
+    long i;
+    static const char err[] = "backtrace must be Array of String";
+
+    if (!NIL_P(bt)) {
+	if (RB_TYPE_P(bt, T_STRING)) return rb_ary_new3(1, bt);
+	if (rb_backtrace_p(bt)) return bt;
+	if (!RB_TYPE_P(bt, T_ARRAY)) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, err);
+	}
+	for (i=0;i<RARRAY_LEN(bt);i++) {
+	    VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(bt, i);
+	    if (!RB_TYPE_P(e, T_STRING)) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, err);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return bt;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     exc.set_backtrace(backtrace)   ->  array
+ *
+ *  Sets the backtrace information associated with +exc+. The +backtrace+ must
+ *  be an array of String objects or a single String in the format described
+ *  in Exception#backtrace.
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt)
+{
+    return rb_iv_set(exc, "bt", rb_check_backtrace(bt));
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt)
+{
+    return exc_set_backtrace(exc, bt);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   exception.cause   -> an_exception or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the previous exception ($!) at the time this exception was raised.
+ * This is useful for wrapping exceptions and retaining the original exception
+ * information.
+ */
+
+VALUE
+exc_cause(VALUE exc)
+{
+    ID id_cause;
+    CONST_ID(id_cause, "cause");
+    return rb_attr_get(exc, id_cause);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+try_convert_to_exception(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_check_funcall(obj, idException, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     exc == obj   -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Equality---If <i>obj</i> is not an <code>Exception</code>, returns
+ *  <code>false</code>. Otherwise, returns <code>true</code> if <i>exc</i> and
+ *  <i>obj</i> share same class, messages, and backtrace.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exc_equal(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE mesg, backtrace;
+    const ID id_mesg = idMesg;
+
+    if (exc == obj) return Qtrue;
+
+    if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) {
+	int status = 0;
+	ID id_message, id_backtrace;
+	CONST_ID(id_message, "message");
+	CONST_ID(id_backtrace, "backtrace");
+
+	obj = rb_protect(try_convert_to_exception, obj, &status);
+	if (status || obj == Qundef) {
+	    rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+	    return Qfalse;
+	}
+	if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) return Qfalse;
+	mesg = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_message, 0, 0);
+	if (mesg == Qundef) return Qfalse;
+	backtrace = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_backtrace, 0, 0);
+	if (backtrace == Qundef) return Qfalse;
+    }
+    else {
+	mesg = rb_attr_get(obj, id_mesg);
+	backtrace = exc_backtrace(obj);
+    }
+
+    if (!rb_equal(rb_attr_get(exc, id_mesg), mesg))
+	return Qfalse;
+    if (!rb_equal(exc_backtrace(exc), backtrace))
+	return Qfalse;
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   SystemExit.new              -> system_exit
+ *   SystemExit.new(status)      -> system_exit
+ *   SystemExit.new(status, msg) -> system_exit
+ *   SystemExit.new(msg)         -> system_exit
+ *
+ * Create a new +SystemExit+ exception with the given status and message.
+ * Status is true, false, or an integer.
+ * If status is not given, true is used.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exit_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE status;
+    if (argc > 0) {
+	status = *argv;
+
+	switch (status) {
+	  case Qtrue:
+	    status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+	    ++argv;
+	    --argc;
+	    break;
+	  case Qfalse:
+	    status = INT2FIX(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	    ++argv;
+	    --argc;
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    status = rb_check_to_int(status);
+	    if (NIL_P(status)) {
+		status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+	    }
+	    else {
+#if EXIT_SUCCESS != 0
+		if (status == INT2FIX(0))
+		    status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+#endif
+		++argv;
+		--argc;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+    }
+    rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    rb_iv_set(exc, "status", status);
+    return exc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   system_exit.status   -> fixnum
+ *
+ * Return the status value associated with this system exit.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exit_status(VALUE exc)
+{
+    return rb_attr_get(exc, rb_intern("status"));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   system_exit.success?  -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if exiting successful, +false+ if not.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+exit_success_p(VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE status_val = rb_attr_get(exc, rb_intern("status"));
+    int status;
+
+    if (NIL_P(status_val))
+	return Qtrue;
+    status = NUM2INT(status_val);
+    if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == EXIT_SUCCESS)
+	return Qtrue;
+
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+void
+rb_name_error(ID id, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE exc, argv[2];
+    va_list args;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    argv[0] = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    argv[1] = ID2SYM(id);
+    exc = rb_class_new_instance(2, argv, rb_eNameError);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+void
+rb_name_error_str(VALUE str, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE exc, argv[2];
+    va_list args;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    argv[0] = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    argv[1] = str;
+    exc = rb_class_new_instance(2, argv, rb_eNameError);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   NameError.new(msg [, name])  -> name_error
+ *
+ * Construct a new NameError exception. If given the <i>name</i>
+ * parameter may subsequently be examined using the <code>NameError.name</code>
+ * method.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+name_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE name;
+
+    name = (argc > 1) ? argv[--argc] : Qnil;
+    rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "name", name);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    name_error.name    ->  string or nil
+ *
+ *  Return the name associated with this NameError exception.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+name_err_name(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_attr_get(self, rb_intern("name"));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   NoMethodError.new(msg, name [, args])  -> no_method_error
+ *
+ * Construct a NoMethodError exception for a method of the given name
+ * called with the given arguments. The name may be accessed using
+ * the <code>#name</code> method on the resulting object, and the
+ * arguments using the <code>#args</code> method.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+nometh_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE args = (argc > 2) ? argv[--argc] : Qnil;
+    name_err_initialize(argc, argv, self);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "args", args);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+#define NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT 3
+
+static void
+name_err_mesg_mark(void *p)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr = p;
+    rb_gc_mark_locations(ptr, ptr+NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT);
+}
+
+#define name_err_mesg_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE
+
+static size_t
+name_err_mesg_memsize(const void *p)
+{
+    return p ? (NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT * sizeof(VALUE)) : 0;
+}
+
+static const rb_data_type_t name_err_mesg_data_type = {
+    "name_err_mesg",
+    {
+	name_err_mesg_mark,
+	name_err_mesg_free,
+	name_err_mesg_memsize,
+    },
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+VALUE
+rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE obj, VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT);
+    VALUE result;
+
+    ptr[0] = mesg;
+    ptr[1] = recv;
+    ptr[2] = method;
+    result = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cNameErrorMesg, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(mesg);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(recv);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(method);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+name_err_mesg_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr1, *ptr2;
+    int i;
+
+    if (obj1 == obj2) return Qtrue;
+    if (rb_obj_class(obj2) != rb_cNameErrorMesg)
+	return Qfalse;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj1, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr1);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj2, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr2);
+    for (i=0; i<NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT; i++) {
+	if (!rb_equal(ptr1[i], ptr2[i]))
+	    return Qfalse;
+    }
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+name_err_mesg_to_str(VALUE obj)
+{
+    VALUE *ptr, mesg;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr);
+
+    mesg = ptr[0];
+    if (NIL_P(mesg)) return Qnil;
+    else {
+	const char *desc = 0;
+	VALUE d = 0, args[NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT];
+	int state = 0;
+
+	obj = ptr[1];
+	switch (obj) {
+	  case Qnil:
+	    desc = "nil";
+	    break;
+	  case Qtrue:
+	    desc = "true";
+	    break;
+	  case Qfalse:
+	    desc = "false";
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    d = rb_protect(rb_inspect, obj, &state);
+	    if (state)
+		rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+	    if (NIL_P(d) || RSTRING_LEN(d) > 65) {
+		d = rb_any_to_s(obj);
+	    }
+	    desc = RSTRING_PTR(d);
+	    break;
+	}
+	if (desc && desc[0] != '#') {
+	    d = d ? rb_str_dup(d) : rb_str_new2(desc);
+	    rb_str_cat2(d, ":");
+	    rb_str_append(d, rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj)));
+	}
+	args[0] = mesg;
+	args[1] = ptr[2];
+	args[2] = d;
+	mesg = rb_f_sprintf(NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT, args);
+    }
+    return mesg;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+name_err_mesg_dump(VALUE obj, VALUE limit)
+{
+    return name_err_mesg_to_str(obj);
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+name_err_mesg_load(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+{
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   no_method_error.args  -> obj
+ *
+ * Return the arguments passed in as the third parameter to
+ * the constructor.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+nometh_err_args(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_attr_get(self, rb_intern("args"));
+}
+
+void
+rb_invalid_str(const char *str, const char *type)
+{
+    VALUE s = rb_str_new2(str);
+
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for %s: %+"PRIsVALUE, type, s);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-module: Errno
+ *
+ *  Ruby exception objects are subclasses of <code>Exception</code>.
+ *  However, operating systems typically report errors using plain
+ *  integers. Module <code>Errno</code> is created dynamically to map
+ *  these operating system errors to Ruby classes, with each error
+ *  number generating its own subclass of <code>SystemCallError</code>.
+ *  As the subclass is created in module <code>Errno</code>, its name
+ *  will start <code>Errno::</code>.
+ *
+ *  The names of the <code>Errno::</code> classes depend on
+ *  the environment in which Ruby runs. On a typical Unix or Windows
+ *  platform, there are <code>Errno</code> classes such as
+ *  <code>Errno::EACCES</code>, <code>Errno::EAGAIN</code>,
+ *  <code>Errno::EINTR</code>, and so on.
+ *
+ *  The integer operating system error number corresponding to a
+ *  particular error is available as the class constant
+ *  <code>Errno::</code><em>error</em><code>::Errno</code>.
+ *
+ *     Errno::EACCES::Errno   #=> 13
+ *     Errno::EAGAIN::Errno   #=> 11
+ *     Errno::EINTR::Errno    #=> 4
+ *
+ *  The full list of operating system errors on your particular platform
+ *  are available as the constants of <code>Errno</code>.
+ *
+ *     Errno.constants   #=> :E2BIG, :EACCES, :EADDRINUSE, :EADDRNOTAVAIL, ...
+ */
+
+static st_table *syserr_tbl;
+
+static VALUE
+set_syserr(int n, const char *name)
+{
+    st_data_t error;
+
+    if (!st_lookup(syserr_tbl, n, &error)) {
+	error = rb_define_class_under(rb_mErrno, name, rb_eSystemCallError);
+
+	/* capture nonblock errnos for WaitReadable/WaitWritable subclasses */
+	switch (n) {
+	  case EAGAIN:
+	    rb_eEAGAIN = error;
+
+#if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
+	    break;
+	  case EWOULDBLOCK:
+#endif
+
+	    rb_eEWOULDBLOCK = error;
+	    break;
+	  case EINPROGRESS:
+	    rb_eEINPROGRESS = error;
+	    break;
+	}
+
+	rb_define_const(error, "Errno", INT2NUM(n));
+	st_add_direct(syserr_tbl, n, error);
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_define_const(rb_mErrno, name, error);
+    }
+    return error;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+get_syserr(int n)
+{
+    st_data_t error;
+
+    if (!st_lookup(syserr_tbl, n, &error)) {
+	char name[8];	/* some Windows' errno have 5 digits. */
+
+	snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "E%03d", n);
+	error = set_syserr(n, name);
+    }
+    return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   SystemCallError.new(msg, errno)  -> system_call_error_subclass
+ *
+ * If _errno_ corresponds to a known system error code, constructs
+ * the appropriate <code>Errno</code> class for that error, otherwise
+ * constructs a generic <code>SystemCallError</code> object. The
+ * error number is subsequently available via the <code>errno</code>
+ * method.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+syserr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+    char *strerror();
+#endif
+    const char *err;
+    VALUE mesg, error, func, errmsg;
+    VALUE klass = rb_obj_class(self);
+
+    if (klass == rb_eSystemCallError) {
+	st_data_t data = (st_data_t)klass;
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &mesg, &error, &func);
+	if (argc == 1 && FIXNUM_P(mesg)) {
+	    error = mesg; mesg = Qnil;
+	}
+	if (!NIL_P(error) && st_lookup(syserr_tbl, NUM2LONG(error), &data)) {
+	    klass = (VALUE)data;
+	    /* change class */
+	    if (!RB_TYPE_P(self, T_OBJECT)) { /* insurance to avoid type crash */
+		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid instance type");
+	    }
+	    RBASIC_SET_CLASS(self, klass);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &mesg, &func);
+	error = rb_const_get(klass, rb_intern("Errno"));
+    }
+    if (!NIL_P(error)) err = strerror(NUM2INT(error));
+    else err = "unknown error";
+
+    errmsg = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(err, rb_locale_encoding());
+    if (!NIL_P(mesg)) {
+	VALUE str = StringValue(mesg);
+
+	if (!NIL_P(func)) rb_str_catf(errmsg, " @ %"PRIsVALUE, func);
+	rb_str_catf(errmsg, " - %"PRIsVALUE, str);
+	OBJ_INFECT(errmsg, mesg);
+    }
+    mesg = errmsg;
+
+    rb_call_super(1, &mesg);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "errno", error);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   system_call_error.errno   -> fixnum
+ *
+ * Return this SystemCallError's error number.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+syserr_errno(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rb_attr_get(self, rb_intern("errno"));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   system_call_error === other  -> true or false
+ *
+ * Return +true+ if the receiver is a generic +SystemCallError+, or
+ * if the error numbers +self+ and _other_ are the same.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE num, e;
+    ID en;
+
+    CONST_ID(en, "errno");
+
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(exc, rb_eSystemCallError)) {
+	if (!rb_respond_to(exc, en)) return Qfalse;
+    }
+    else if (self == rb_eSystemCallError) return Qtrue;
+
+    num = rb_attr_get(exc, rb_intern("errno"));
+    if (NIL_P(num)) {
+	num = rb_funcall(exc, en, 0, 0);
+    }
+    e = rb_const_get(self, rb_intern("Errno"));
+    if (FIXNUM_P(num) ? num == e : rb_equal(num, e))
+	return Qtrue;
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: StandardError
+ *
+ *  The most standard error types are subclasses of StandardError. A
+ *  rescue clause without an explicit Exception class will rescue all
+ *  StandardErrors (and only those).
+ *
+ *     def foo
+ *       raise "Oups"
+ *     end
+ *     foo rescue "Hello"   #=> "Hello"
+ *
+ *  On the other hand:
+ *
+ *     require 'does/not/exist' rescue "Hi"
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     LoadError: no such file to load -- does/not/exist
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: SystemExit
+ *
+ *  Raised by +exit+ to initiate the termination of the script.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: SignalException
+ *
+ *  Raised when a signal is received.
+ *
+ *     begin
+ *       Process.kill('HUP',Process.pid)
+ *       sleep # wait for receiver to handle signal sent by Process.kill
+ *     rescue SignalException => e
+ *       puts "received Exception #{e}"
+ *     end
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     received Exception SIGHUP
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Interrupt
+ *
+ *  Raised with the interrupt signal is received, typically because the
+ *  user pressed on Control-C (on most posix platforms). As such, it is a
+ *  subclass of +SignalException+.
+ *
+ *     begin
+ *       puts "Press ctrl-C when you get bored"
+ *       loop {}
+ *     rescue Interrupt => e
+ *       puts "Note: You will typically use Signal.trap instead."
+ *     end
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Press ctrl-C when you get bored
+ *
+ *  <em>then waits until it is interrupted with Control-C and then prints:</em>
+ *
+ *     Note: You will typically use Signal.trap instead.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: TypeError
+ *
+ *  Raised when encountering an object that is not of the expected type.
+ *
+ *     [1, 2, 3].first("two")
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     TypeError: no implicit conversion of String into Integer
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: ArgumentError
+ *
+ *  Raised when the arguments are wrong and there isn't a more specific
+ *  Exception class.
+ *
+ *  Ex: passing the wrong number of arguments
+ *
+ *     [1, 2, 3].first(4, 5)
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (2 for 1)
+ *
+ *  Ex: passing an argument that is not acceptable:
+ *
+ *     [1, 2, 3].first(-4)
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     ArgumentError: negative array size
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: IndexError
+ *
+ *  Raised when the given index is invalid.
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, :bar]
+ *     a.fetch(0)   #=> :foo
+ *     a[4]         #=> nil
+ *     a.fetch(4)   #=> IndexError: index 4 outside of array bounds: -2...2
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: KeyError
+ *
+ *  Raised when the specified key is not found. It is a subclass of
+ *  IndexError.
+ *
+ *     h = {"foo" => :bar}
+ *     h.fetch("foo") #=> :bar
+ *     h.fetch("baz") #=> KeyError: key not found: "baz"
+ *
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: RangeError
+ *
+ *  Raised when a given numerical value is out of range.
+ *
+ *     [1, 2, 3].drop(1 << 100)
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     RangeError: bignum too big to convert into `long'
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: ScriptError
+ *
+ *  ScriptError is the superclass for errors raised when a script
+ *  can not be executed because of a +LoadError+,
+ *  +NotImplementedError+ or a +SyntaxError+. Note these type of
+ *  +ScriptErrors+ are not +StandardError+ and will not be
+ *  rescued unless it is specified explicitly (or its ancestor
+ *  +Exception+).
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: SyntaxError
+ *
+ *  Raised when encountering Ruby code with an invalid syntax.
+ *
+ *     eval("1+1=2")
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     SyntaxError: (eval):1: syntax error, unexpected '=', expecting $end
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: LoadError
+ *
+ *  Raised when a file required (a Ruby script, extension library, ...)
+ *  fails to load.
+ *
+ *     require 'this/file/does/not/exist'
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     LoadError: no such file to load -- this/file/does/not/exist
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: NotImplementedError
+ *
+ *  Raised when a feature is not implemented on the current platform. For
+ *  example, methods depending on the +fsync+ or +fork+ system calls may
+ *  raise this exception if the underlying operating system or Ruby
+ *  runtime does not support them.
+ *
+ *  Note that if +fork+ raises a +NotImplementedError+, then
+ *  <code>respond_to?(:fork)</code> returns +false+.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: NameError
+ *
+ *  Raised when a given name is invalid or undefined.
+ *
+ *     puts foo
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     NameError: undefined local variable or method `foo' for main:Object
+ *
+ *  Since constant names must start with a capital:
+ *
+ *     Fixnum.const_set :answer, 42
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     NameError: wrong constant name answer
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: NoMethodError
+ *
+ *  Raised when a method is called on a receiver which doesn't have it
+ *  defined and also fails to respond with +method_missing+.
+ *
+ *     "hello".to_ary
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     NoMethodError: undefined method `to_ary' for "hello":String
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: RuntimeError
+ *
+ *  A generic error class raised when an invalid operation is attempted.
+ *
+ *     [1, 2, 3].freeze << 4
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     RuntimeError: can't modify frozen Array
+ *
+ *  Kernel.raise will raise a RuntimeError if no Exception class is
+ *  specified.
+ *
+ *     raise "ouch"
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     RuntimeError: ouch
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: SecurityError
+ *
+ *  Raised when attempting a potential unsafe operation, typically when
+ *  the $SAFE level is raised above 0.
+ *
+ *     foo = "bar"
+ *     proc = Proc.new do
+ *       $SAFE = 3
+ *       foo.untaint
+ *     end
+ *     proc.call
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     SecurityError: Insecure: Insecure operation `untaint' at level 3
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: NoMemoryError
+ *
+ *  Raised when memory allocation fails.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: SystemCallError
+ *
+ *  SystemCallError is the base class for all low-level
+ *  platform-dependent errors.
+ *
+ *  The errors available on the current platform are subclasses of
+ *  SystemCallError and are defined in the Errno module.
+ *
+ *     File.open("does/not/exist")
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     Errno::ENOENT: No such file or directory - does/not/exist
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: EncodingError
+ *
+ * EncodingError is the base class for encoding errors.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: Encoding::CompatibilityError
+ *
+ *  Raised by Encoding and String methods when the source encoding is
+ *  incompatible with the target encoding.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: fatal
+ *
+ * fatal is an Exception that is raised when ruby has encountered a fatal
+ * error and must exit.  You are not able to rescue fatal.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: NameError::message
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  Descendants of class Exception are used to communicate between
+ *  Kernel#raise and +rescue+ statements in <code>begin ... end</code> blocks.
+ *  Exception objects carry information about the exception -- its type (the
+ *  exception's class name), an optional descriptive string, and optional
+ *  traceback information.  Exception subclasses may add additional
+ *  information like NameError#name.
+ *
+ *  Programs may make subclasses of Exception, typically of StandardError or
+ *  RuntimeError, to provide custom classes and add additional information.
+ *  See the subclass list below for defaults for +raise+ and +rescue+.
+ *
+ *  When an exception has been raised but not yet handled (in +rescue+,
+ *  +ensure+, +at_exit+ and +END+ blocks) the global variable <code>$!</code>
+ *  will contain the current exception and <code>$@</code> contains the
+ *  current exception's backtrace.
+ *
+ *  It is recommended that a library should have one subclass of StandardError
+ *  or RuntimeError and have specific exception types inherit from it.  This
+ *  allows the user to rescue a generic exception type to catch all exceptions
+ *  the library may raise even if future versions of the library add new
+ *  exception subclasses.
+ *
+ *  For example:
+ *
+ *    class MyLibrary
+ *      class Error < RuntimeError
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      class WidgetError < Error
+ *      end
+ *
+ *      class FrobError < Error
+ *      end
+ *
+ *    end
+ *
+ *  To handle both WidgetError and FrobError the library user can rescue
+ *  MyLibrary::Error.
+ *
+ *  The built-in subclasses of Exception are:
+ *
+ *  * NoMemoryError
+ *  * ScriptError
+ *    * LoadError
+ *    * NotImplementedError
+ *    * SyntaxError
+ *  * SecurityError
+ *  * SignalException
+ *    * Interrupt
+ *  * StandardError -- default for +rescue+
+ *    * ArgumentError
+ *      * UncaughtThrowError
+ *    * EncodingError
+ *    * FiberError
+ *    * IOError
+ *      * EOFError
+ *    * IndexError
+ *      * KeyError
+ *      * StopIteration
+ *    * LocalJumpError
+ *    * NameError
+ *      * NoMethodError
+ *    * RangeError
+ *      * FloatDomainError
+ *    * RegexpError
+ *    * RuntimeError -- default for +raise+
+ *    * SystemCallError
+ *      * Errno::*
+ *    * ThreadError
+ *    * TypeError
+ *    * ZeroDivisionError
+ *  * SystemExit
+ *  * SystemStackError
+ *  * fatal -- impossible to rescue
+ */
+
+void
+Init_Exception(void)
+{
+    rb_eException   = rb_define_class("Exception", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_eException, "exception", rb_class_new_instance, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "exception", exc_exception, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "initialize", exc_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "==", exc_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "to_s", exc_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "message", exc_message, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "inspect", exc_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "backtrace", exc_backtrace, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "backtrace_locations", exc_backtrace_locations, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "set_backtrace", exc_set_backtrace, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eException, "cause", exc_cause, 0);
+
+    rb_eSystemExit  = rb_define_class("SystemExit", rb_eException);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eSystemExit, "initialize", exit_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eSystemExit, "status", exit_status, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eSystemExit, "success?", exit_success_p, 0);
+
+    rb_eFatal  	    = rb_define_class("fatal", rb_eException);
+    rb_eSignal      = rb_define_class("SignalException", rb_eException);
+    rb_eInterrupt   = rb_define_class("Interrupt", rb_eSignal);
+
+    rb_eStandardError = rb_define_class("StandardError", rb_eException);
+    rb_eTypeError     = rb_define_class("TypeError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_eArgError      = rb_define_class("ArgumentError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_eIndexError    = rb_define_class("IndexError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_eKeyError      = rb_define_class("KeyError", rb_eIndexError);
+    rb_eRangeError    = rb_define_class("RangeError", rb_eStandardError);
+
+    rb_eScriptError = rb_define_class("ScriptError", rb_eException);
+    rb_eSyntaxError = rb_define_class("SyntaxError", rb_eScriptError);
+
+    rb_eLoadError   = rb_define_class("LoadError", rb_eScriptError);
+    /* the path failed to load */
+    rb_attr(rb_eLoadError, rb_intern_const("path"), 1, 0, Qfalse);
+
+    rb_eNotImpError = rb_define_class("NotImplementedError", rb_eScriptError);
+
+    rb_eNameError     = rb_define_class("NameError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "initialize", name_err_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "name", name_err_name, 0);
+    rb_cNameErrorMesg = rb_define_class_under(rb_eNameError, "message", rb_cData);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "!", rb_name_err_mesg_new, NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "==", name_err_mesg_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "to_str", name_err_mesg_to_str, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "_dump", name_err_mesg_dump, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "_load", name_err_mesg_load, 1);
+    rb_eNoMethodError = rb_define_class("NoMethodError", rb_eNameError);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eNoMethodError, "initialize", nometh_err_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eNoMethodError, "args", nometh_err_args, 0);
+
+    rb_eRuntimeError = rb_define_class("RuntimeError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_eSecurityError = rb_define_class("SecurityError", rb_eException);
+    rb_eNoMemError = rb_define_class("NoMemoryError", rb_eException);
+    rb_eEncodingError = rb_define_class("EncodingError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_eEncCompatError = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEncoding, "CompatibilityError", rb_eEncodingError);
+
+    syserr_tbl = st_init_numtable();
+    rb_eSystemCallError = rb_define_class("SystemCallError", rb_eStandardError);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eSystemCallError, "initialize", syserr_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eSystemCallError, "errno", syserr_errno, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_eSystemCallError, "===", syserr_eqq, 1);
+
+    rb_mErrno = rb_define_module("Errno");
+
+    rb_define_global_function("warn", rb_warn_m, -1);
+}
+
+void
+rb_enc_raise(rb_encoding *enc, VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE mesg;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = rb_enc_vsprintf(enc, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(exc, mesg));
+}
+
+void
+rb_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE mesg;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(exc, mesg));
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void raise_loaderror(VALUE path, VALUE mesg));
+
+static void
+raise_loaderror(VALUE path, VALUE mesg)
+{
+    VALUE err = rb_exc_new3(rb_eLoadError, mesg);
+    rb_ivar_set(err, rb_intern("@path"), path);
+    rb_exc_raise(err);
+}
+
+void
+rb_loaderror(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE mesg;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = rb_enc_vsprintf(rb_locale_encoding(), fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    raise_loaderror(Qnil, mesg);
+}
+
+void
+rb_loaderror_with_path(VALUE path, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE mesg;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = rb_enc_vsprintf(rb_locale_encoding(), fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    raise_loaderror(path, mesg);
+}
+
+void
+rb_notimplement(void)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+	     "%"PRIsVALUE"() function is unimplemented on this machine",
+	     rb_id2str(rb_frame_this_func()));
+}
+
+void
+rb_fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    VALUE mesg;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    rb_exc_fatal(rb_exc_new3(rb_eFatal, mesg));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+make_errno_exc(const char *mesg)
+{
+    int n = errno;
+
+    errno = 0;
+    if (n == 0) {
+	rb_bug("rb_sys_fail(%s) - errno == 0", mesg ? mesg : "");
+    }
+    return rb_syserr_new(n, mesg);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+make_errno_exc_str(VALUE mesg)
+{
+    int n = errno;
+
+    errno = 0;
+    if (!mesg) mesg = Qnil;
+    if (n == 0) {
+	const char *s = !NIL_P(mesg) ? RSTRING_PTR(mesg) : "";
+	rb_bug("rb_sys_fail_str(%s) - errno == 0", s);
+    }
+    return rb_syserr_new_str(n, mesg);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_syserr_new(int n, const char *mesg)
+{
+    VALUE arg;
+    arg = mesg ? rb_str_new2(mesg) : Qnil;
+    return rb_syserr_new_str(n, arg);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_syserr_new_str(int n, VALUE arg)
+{
+    return rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, get_syserr(n));
+}
+
+void
+rb_syserr_fail(int e, const char *mesg)
+{
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_syserr_new(e, mesg));
+}
+
+void
+rb_syserr_fail_str(int e, VALUE mesg)
+{
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_syserr_new_str(e, mesg));
+}
+
+void
+rb_sys_fail(const char *mesg)
+{
+    rb_exc_raise(make_errno_exc(mesg));
+}
+
+void
+rb_sys_fail_str(VALUE mesg)
+{
+    rb_exc_raise(make_errno_exc_str(mesg));
+}
+
+#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
+void
+rb_sys_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, VALUE path)
+{
+    int n = errno;
+
+    errno = 0;
+    rb_syserr_fail_path_in(func_name, n, path);
+}
+
+void
+rb_syserr_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, int n, VALUE path)
+{
+    VALUE args[2];
+
+    if (!path) path = Qnil;
+    if (n == 0) {
+	const char *s = !NIL_P(path) ? RSTRING_PTR(path) : "";
+	if (!func_name) func_name = "(null)";
+	rb_bug("rb_sys_fail_path_in(%s, %s) - errno == 0",
+	       func_name, s);
+    }
+    args[0] = path;
+    args[1] = rb_str_new_cstr(func_name);
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(2, args, get_syserr(n)));
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+rb_mod_sys_fail(VALUE mod, const char *mesg)
+{
+    VALUE exc = make_errno_exc(mesg);
+    rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+void
+rb_mod_sys_fail_str(VALUE mod, VALUE mesg)
+{
+    VALUE exc = make_errno_exc_str(mesg);
+    rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+void
+rb_mod_syserr_fail(VALUE mod, int e, const char *mesg)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_syserr_new(e, mesg);
+    rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+void
+rb_mod_syserr_fail_str(VALUE mod, int e, VALUE mesg)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_syserr_new_str(e, mesg);
+    rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
+    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+}
+
+void
+rb_sys_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
+    va_list args;
+    int errno_save;
+
+    errno_save = errno;
+
+    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg)-1);
+    rb_str_catf(mesg, ": %s\n", strerror(errno_save));
+    rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+    errno = errno_save;
+}
+
+void
+rb_sys_enc_warning(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+    VALUE mesg;
+    va_list args;
+    int errno_save;
+
+    errno_save = errno;
+
+    if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;
+
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg)-1);
+    rb_str_catf(mesg, ": %s\n", strerror(errno_save));
+    rb_write_error_str(mesg);
+    errno = errno_save;
+}
+
+void
+rb_load_fail(VALUE path, const char *err)
+{
+    VALUE mesg = rb_str_buf_new_cstr(err);
+    rb_str_cat2(mesg, " -- ");
+    rb_str_append(mesg, path);	/* should be ASCII compatible */
+    raise_loaderror(path, mesg);
+}
+
+void
+rb_error_frozen(const char *what)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't modify frozen %s", what);
+}
+
+void
+rb_error_frozen_object(VALUE frozen_obj)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't modify frozen %"PRIsVALUE,
+	     CLASS_OF(frozen_obj));
+}
+
+#undef rb_check_frozen
+void
+rb_check_frozen(VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_check_frozen_internal(obj);
+}
+
+void
+rb_error_untrusted(VALUE obj)
+{
+}
+
+#undef rb_check_trusted
+void
+rb_check_trusted(VALUE obj)
+{
+}
+
+void
+rb_check_copyable(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
+{
+    if (!FL_ABLE(obj)) return;
+    rb_check_frozen_internal(obj);
+    if (!FL_ABLE(orig)) return;
+    if ((~RBASIC(obj)->flags & RBASIC(orig)->flags) & FL_TAINT) {
+	if (rb_safe_level() > 0) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't modify %"PRIsVALUE,
+		     RBASIC(obj)->klass);
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Init_syserr(void)
+{
+    rb_eNOERROR = set_syserr(0, "NOERROR");
+#define defined_error(name, num) set_syserr((num), (name));
+#define undefined_error(name) set_syserr(0, (name));
+#include "known_errors.inc"
+#undef defined_error
+#undef undefined_error
+}