Fresh start

2 files changed, 794 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/jni/ruby/test/matrix/test_matrix.rb b/jni/ruby/test/matrix/test_matrix.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fdef3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jni/ruby/test/matrix/test_matrix.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'matrix'
+
+class SubMatrix < Matrix
+end
+
+class TestMatrix < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @m1 = Matrix[[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]
+    @m2 = Matrix[[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]
+    @m3 = @m1.clone
+    @m4 = Matrix[[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]]
+    @n1 = Matrix[[2,3,4], [5,6,7]]
+    @c1 = Matrix[[Complex(1,2), Complex(0,1), 0], [1, 2, 3]]
+    @e1 = Matrix.empty(2,0)
+    @e2 = Matrix.empty(0,3)
+    @a3  = Matrix[[4, 1, -3], [0, 3, 7], [11, -4, 2]]
+    @a5  = Matrix[[2, 0, 9, 3, 9], [8, 7, 0, 1, 9], [7, 5, 6, 6, 5], [0, 7, 8, 3, 0], [7, 8, 2, 3, 1]]
+    @b3  = Matrix[[-7, 7, -10], [9, -3, -2], [-1, 3, 9]]
+  end
+
+  def test_matrix
+    assert_equal(1, @m1[0, 0])
+    assert_equal(2, @m1[0, 1])
+    assert_equal(3, @m1[0, 2])
+    assert_equal(4, @m1[1, 0])
+    assert_equal(5, @m1[1, 1])
+    assert_equal(6, @m1[1, 2])
+  end
+
+  def test_identity
+    assert_same @m1, @m1
+    assert_not_same @m1, @m2
+    assert_not_same @m1, @m3
+    assert_not_same @m1, @m4
+    assert_not_same @m1, @n1
+  end
+
+  def test_equality
+    assert_equal @m1, @m1
+    assert_equal @m1, @m2
+    assert_equal @m1, @m3
+    assert_equal @m1, @m4
+    assert_not_equal @m1, @n1
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_equality
+    assert @m1.eql?(@m1)
+    assert @m1.eql?(@m2)
+    assert @m1.eql?(@m3)
+    assert !@m1.eql?(@m4)
+    assert !@m1.eql?(@n1)
+
+    hash = { @m1 => :value }
+    assert hash.key?(@m1)
+    assert hash.key?(@m2)
+    assert hash.key?(@m3)
+    assert !hash.key?(@m4)
+    assert !hash.key?(@n1)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_equal @m1.hash, @m1.hash
+    assert_equal @m1.hash, @m2.hash
+    assert_equal @m1.hash, @m3.hash
+  end
+
+  def test_uplus
+    assert_equal(@m1, +@m1)
+  end
+
+  def test_negate
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[-1, -2, -3], [-4, -5, -6]], -@m1)
+    assert_equal(@m1, -(-@m1))
+  end
+
+  def test_rank
+    [
+      [[0]],
+      [[0], [0]],
+      [[0, 0], [0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+    ].each do |rows|
+      assert_equal 0, Matrix[*rows].rank
+    end
+
+    [
+      [[1], [0]],
+      [[1, 0], [0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0], [1, 0]],
+      [[0, 0], [1, 0]],
+      [[1, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0], [0, 0], [1, 0]],
+      [[1, 0], [1, 0], [0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]],
+      [[1, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]],
+
+      [[1]],
+      [[1], [1]],
+      [[1, 1]],
+      [[1, 1], [1, 1]],
+      [[1, 1], [1, 1], [1, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]],
+    ].each do |rows|
+      matrix = Matrix[*rows]
+      assert_equal 1, matrix.rank
+      assert_equal 1, matrix.transpose.rank
+    end
+
+    [
+      [[1, 0], [0, 1]],
+      [[1, 0], [0, 1], [0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0], [0, 1], [0, 1]],
+      [[1, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0]],
+
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]],
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]],
+
+      [[1, 0], [1, 1]],
+      [[1, 2], [1, 1]],
+      [[1, 2], [0, 1], [1, 1]],
+    ].each do |rows|
+      m = Matrix[*rows]
+      assert_equal 2, m.rank
+      assert_equal 2, m.transpose.rank
+    end
+
+    [
+      [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0]],
+      [[1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1]],
+      [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 2], [1, 3, 1], [4, 1, 1]],
+    ].each do |rows|
+      m = Matrix[*rows]
+      assert_equal 3, m.rank
+      assert_equal 3, m.transpose.rank
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inverse
+    assert_equal(Matrix.empty(0, 0), Matrix.empty.inverse)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[-1, 1], [0, -1]], Matrix[[-1, -1], [0, -1]].inverse)
+    assert_raise(ExceptionForMatrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { @m1.inverse }
+  end
+
+  def test_determinant
+    assert_equal(45, Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].determinant)
+    assert_equal(-18, Matrix[[2,0,1],[0,-2,2],[1,2,3]].determinant)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_matrix
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Matrix[Object.new] }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_ary; [1,2,3]; end
+    assert_equal(@m1, Matrix[o, [4,5,6]])
+  end
+
+  def test_rows
+    assert_equal(@m1, Matrix.rows([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]))
+  end
+
+  def test_rows_copy
+    rows1 = [[1], [1]]
+    rows2 = [[1], [1]]
+
+    m1 = Matrix.rows(rows1, copy = false)
+    m2 = Matrix.rows(rows2, copy = true)
+
+    rows1.uniq!
+    rows2.uniq!
+
+    assert_equal([[1]],      m1.to_a)
+    assert_equal([[1], [1]], m2.to_a)
+  end
+
+  def test_columns
+    assert_equal(@m1, Matrix.columns([[1, 4], [2, 5], [3, 6]]))
+  end
+
+  def test_diagonal
+    assert_equal(Matrix.empty(0, 0), Matrix.diagonal( ))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[3,0,0],[0,2,0],[0,0,1]], Matrix.diagonal(3, 2, 1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[4,0,0,0],[0,3,0,0],[0,0,2,0],[0,0,0,1]], Matrix.diagonal(4, 3, 2, 1))
+  end
+
+  def test_scalar
+    assert_equal(Matrix.empty(0, 0), Matrix.scalar(0, 1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2,0,0],[0,2,0],[0,0,2]], Matrix.scalar(3, 2))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2,0,0,0],[0,2,0,0],[0,0,2,0],[0,0,0,2]], Matrix.scalar(4, 2))
+  end
+
+  def test_identity2
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]], Matrix.identity(3))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]], Matrix.unit(3))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]], Matrix.I(3))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,0,0,0],[0,1,0,0],[0,0,1,0],[0,0,0,1]], Matrix.identity(4))
+  end
+
+  def test_zero
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0,0,0],[0,0,0],[0,0,0]], Matrix.zero(3))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0]], Matrix.zero(4))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0]], Matrix.zero(1))
+  end
+
+  def test_row_vector
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,2,3,4]], Matrix.row_vector([1,2,3,4]))
+  end
+
+  def test_column_vector
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1],[2],[3],[4]], Matrix.column_vector([1,2,3,4]))
+  end
+
+  def test_empty
+    m = Matrix.empty(2, 0)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[ [], [] ], m)
+    n = Matrix.empty(0, 3)
+    assert_equal(Matrix.columns([ [], [], [] ]), n)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]], m * n)
+  end
+
+  def test_row
+    assert_equal(Vector[1, 2, 3], @m1.row(0))
+    assert_equal(Vector[4, 5, 6], @m1.row(1))
+    a = []; @m1.row(0) {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    assert_equal(Vector[1, 4], @m1.column(0))
+    assert_equal(Vector[2, 5], @m1.column(1))
+    assert_equal(Vector[3, 6], @m1.column(2))
+    a = []; @m1.column(0) {|x| a << x }
+    assert_equal([1, 4], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_collect
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1, 4, 9], [16, 25, 36]], @m1.collect {|x| x ** 2 })
+  end
+
+  def test_minor
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1, 2], [4, 5]], @m1.minor(0..1, 0..1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2], [5]], @m1.minor(0..1, 1..1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[4, 5]], @m1.minor(1..1, 0..1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1, 2], [4, 5]], @m1.minor(0, 2, 0, 2))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[4, 5]], @m1.minor(1, 1, 0, 2))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2], [5]], @m1.minor(0, 2, 1, 1))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @m1.minor(0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_first_minor
+    assert_equal(Matrix.empty(0, 0), Matrix[[1]].first_minor(0, 0))
+    assert_equal(Matrix.empty(0, 2), Matrix[[1, 4, 2]].first_minor(0, 1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1, 3]], @m1.first_minor(1, 1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[4, 6]], @m1.first_minor(0, 1))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1, 2]], @m1.first_minor(1, 2))
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Matrix.empty(0, 0).first_minor(0, 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @m1.first_minor(4, 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @m1.first_minor(0, -1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @m1.first_minor(-1, 4) }
+  end
+
+  def test_cofactor
+    assert_equal(1, Matrix[[1]].cofactor(0, 0))
+    assert_equal(9, Matrix[[7,6],[3,9]].cofactor(0, 0))
+    assert_equal(0, Matrix[[0,0],[0,0]].cofactor(0, 0))
+    assert_equal(3, Matrix[[0,0,1],[0,7,6],[1,3,9]].cofactor(1, 0))
+    assert_equal(-21, Matrix[[7,0,1,0,12],[8,1,1,9,1],[4,0,0,-7,17],[-1,0,0,-4,8],[10,1,1,8,6]].cofactor(2, 3))
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Matrix.empty(0, 0).cofactor(0, 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Matrix[[0,0],[0,0]].cofactor(-1, 4) }
+    assert_raise(ExceptionForMatrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { Matrix[[2,0,1],[0,-2,2]].cofactor(0, 0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_adjugate
+    assert_equal(Matrix.empty, Matrix.empty.adjugate)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1]], Matrix[[5]].adjugate)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[9,-6],[-3,7]], Matrix[[7,6],[3,9]].adjugate)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[45,3,-7],[6,-1,0],[-7,0,0]], Matrix[[0,0,1],[0,7,6],[1,3,9]].adjugate)
+    assert_equal(Matrix.identity(5), (@a5.adjugate * @a5) / @a5.det)
+    assert_equal(Matrix.I(3), Matrix.I(3).adjugate)
+    assert_equal((@a3 * @b3).adjugate, @b3.adjugate * @a3.adjugate)
+    assert_equal(4**(@a3.row_count-1) * @a3.adjugate, (4 * @a3).adjugate)
+    assert_raise(ExceptionForMatrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { @m1.adjugate }
+  end
+
+  def test_laplace_expansion
+    assert_equal(1, Matrix[[1]].laplace_expansion(row: 0))
+    assert_equal(45, Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].laplace_expansion(row: 1))
+    assert_equal(0, Matrix[[0,0],[0,0]].laplace_expansion(column: 0))
+    assert_equal(-7, Matrix[[0,0,1],[0,7,6],[1,3,9]].laplace_expansion(column: 2))
+
+    assert_equal(Vector[3, -2], Matrix[[Vector[1, 0], Vector[0, 1]], [2, 3]].laplace_expansion(row: 0))
+
+    assert_raise(ExceptionForMatrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { @m1.laplace_expansion(row: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].laplace_expansion() }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].laplace_expansion(foo: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].laplace_expansion(row: 1, column: 1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Matrix[[7,6], [3,9]].laplace_expansion(row: 2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Matrix[[0,0,1],[0,7,6],[1,3,9]].laplace_expansion(column: -1) }
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { Matrix.empty(0, 0).laplace_expansion(row: 0) }
+  end
+
+  def test_regular?
+    assert(Matrix[[1, 0], [0, 1]].regular?)
+    assert(Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]].regular?)
+    assert(!Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]].regular?)
+  end
+
+  def test_singular?
+    assert(!Matrix[[1, 0], [0, 1]].singular?)
+    assert(!Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]].singular?)
+    assert(Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]].singular?)
+  end
+
+  def test_square?
+    assert(Matrix[[1, 0], [0, 1]].square?)
+    assert(Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]].square?)
+    assert(Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]].square?)
+    assert(!Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]].square?)
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2,4],[6,8]], Matrix[[2,4],[6,8]] * Matrix.I(2))
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[4,8],[12,16]], Matrix[[2,4],[6,8]] * 2)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[4,8],[12,16]], 2 * Matrix[[2,4],[6,8]])
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[14,32],[32,77]], @m1 * @m1.transpose)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[17,22,27],[22,29,36],[27,36,45]], @m1.transpose * @m1)
+    assert_equal(Vector[14,32], @m1 * Vector[1,2,3])
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(m)
+      [m, m.transpose]
+    end
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[14,32],[32,77]], @m1 * o)
+  end
+
+  def test_add
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[6,0],[-4,12]], Matrix.scalar(2,5) + Matrix[[1,0],[-4,7]])
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[3,5,7],[9,11,13]], @m1 + @n1)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[3,5,7],[9,11,13]], @n1 + @m1)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2],[4],[6]], Matrix[[1],[2],[3]] + Vector[1,2,3])
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { @m1 + 1 }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(m)
+      [m, m]
+    end
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2,4,6],[8,10,12]], @m1 + o)
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[4,0],[4,-2]], Matrix.scalar(2,5) - Matrix[[1,0],[-4,7]])
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[-1,-1,-1],[-1,-1,-1]], @m1 - @n1)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,1,1],[1,1,1]], @n1 - @m1)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0],[0],[0]], Matrix[[1],[2],[3]] - Vector[1,2,3])
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { @m1 - 1 }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(m)
+      [m, m]
+    end
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0,0,0],[0,0,0]], @m1 - o)
+  end
+
+  def test_div
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0,1,1],[2,2,3]], @m1 / 2)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,1],[1,1]], Matrix[[2,2],[2,2]] / Matrix.scalar(2,2))
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(m)
+      [m, Matrix.scalar(2,2)]
+    end
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,1],[1,1]], Matrix[[2,2],[2,2]] / o)
+  end
+
+  def test_exp
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[67,96],[48,99]], Matrix[[7,6],[3,9]] ** 2)
+    assert_equal(Matrix.I(5), Matrix.I(5) ** -1)
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { Matrix.I(5) ** Object.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_det
+    assert_equal(45, Matrix[[7,6],[3,9]].det)
+    assert_equal(0, Matrix[[0,0],[0,0]].det)
+    assert_equal(-7, Matrix[[0,0,1],[0,7,6],[1,3,9]].det)
+    assert_equal(42, Matrix[[7,0,1,0,12],[8,1,1,9,1],[4,0,0,-7,17],[-1,0,0,-4,8],[10,1,1,8,6]].det)
+  end
+
+  def test_rank2
+    assert_equal(2, Matrix[[7,6],[3,9]].rank)
+    assert_equal(0, Matrix[[0,0],[0,0]].rank)
+    assert_equal(3, Matrix[[0,0,1],[0,7,6],[1,3,9]].rank)
+    assert_equal(1, Matrix[[0,1],[0,1],[0,1]].rank)
+    assert_equal(2, @m1.rank)
+  end
+
+  def test_trace
+    assert_equal(1+5+9, Matrix[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]].trace)
+  end
+
+  def test_transpose
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,4],[2,5],[3,6]], @m1.transpose)
+  end
+
+  def test_conjugate
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[Complex(1,-2), Complex(0,-1), 0], [1, 2, 3]], @c1.conjugate)
+  end
+
+  def test_eigensystem
+    m = Matrix[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+    v, d, v_inv = m.eigensystem
+    assert(d.diagonal?)
+    assert_equal(v.inv, v_inv)
+    assert_equal((v * d * v_inv).round(5), m)
+  end
+
+  def test_imaginary
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]], @c1.imaginary)
+  end
+
+  def test_lup
+    m = Matrix[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+    l, u, p = m.lup
+    assert(l.lower_triangular?)
+    assert(u.upper_triangular?)
+    assert(p.permutation?)
+    assert(l * u == p * m)
+    assert_equal(m.lup.solve([2, 5]), Vector[1, Rational(1,2)])
+  end
+
+  def test_real
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [1, 2, 3]], @c1.real)
+  end
+
+  def test_rect
+    assert_equal([Matrix[[1, 0, 0], [1, 2, 3]], Matrix[[2, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]], @c1.rect)
+  end
+
+  def test_row_vectors
+    assert_equal([Vector[1,2,3], Vector[4,5,6]], @m1.row_vectors)
+  end
+
+  def test_column_vectors
+    assert_equal([Vector[1,4], Vector[2,5], Vector[3,6]], @m1.column_vectors)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal("Matrix[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]", @m1.to_s)
+    assert_equal("Matrix.empty(0, 0)", Matrix[].to_s)
+    assert_equal("Matrix.empty(1, 0)", Matrix[[]].to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    assert_equal("Matrix[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]", @m1.inspect)
+    assert_equal("Matrix.empty(0, 0)", Matrix[].inspect)
+    assert_equal("Matrix.empty(1, 0)", Matrix[[]].inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_scalar_add
+    s1 = @m1.coerce(1).first
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1]], (s1 + 0) * Matrix[[1]])
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { s1 + Vector[0] }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { s1 + Matrix[[0]] }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, s1 + o)
+  end
+
+  def test_scalar_sub
+    s1 = @m1.coerce(1).first
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1]], (s1 - 0) * Matrix[[1]])
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { s1 - Vector[0] }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { s1 - Matrix[[0]] }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(0, s1 - o)
+  end
+
+  def test_scalar_mul
+    s1 = @m1.coerce(1).first
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1]], (s1 * 1) * Matrix[[1]])
+    assert_equal(Vector[2], s1 * Vector[2])
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2]], s1 * Matrix[[2]])
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(1, s1 * o)
+  end
+
+  def test_scalar_div
+    s1 = @m1.coerce(1).first
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1]], (s1 / 1) * Matrix[[1]])
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { s1 / Vector[0] }
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[Rational(1,2)]], s1 / Matrix[[2]])
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(1, s1 / o)
+  end
+
+  def test_scalar_pow
+    s1 = @m1.coerce(1).first
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1]], (s1 ** 1) * Matrix[[1]])
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { s1 ** Vector[0] }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotImplemented) { s1 ** Matrix[[1]] }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(1, s1 ** o)
+  end
+
+  def test_hstack
+    assert_equal Matrix[[1,2,3,2,3,4,1,2,3], [4,5,6,5,6,7,4,5,6]],
+      @m1.hstack(@n1, @m1)
+    # Error checking:
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { @m1.hstack(42) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Matrix.hstack(42, @m1) }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { @m1.hstack(Matrix.identity(3)) }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { @e1.hstack(@e2) }
+    # Corner cases:
+    assert_equal @m1, @m1.hstack
+    assert_equal @e1, @e1.hstack(@e1)
+    assert_equal Matrix.empty(0,6), @e2.hstack(@e2)
+    assert_equal SubMatrix, SubMatrix.hstack(@e1).class
+  end
+
+  def test_vstack
+    assert_equal Matrix[[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [2,3,4], [5,6,7], [1,2,3], [4,5,6]],
+      @m1.vstack(@n1, @m1)
+    # Error checking:
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { @m1.vstack(42) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Matrix.vstack(42, @m1) }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { @m1.vstack(Matrix.identity(2)) }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { @e1.vstack(@e2) }
+    # Corner cases:
+    assert_equal @m1, @m1.vstack
+    assert_equal Matrix.empty(4,0), @e1.vstack(@e1)
+    assert_equal @e2, @e2.vstack(@e2)
+    assert_equal SubMatrix, SubMatrix.vstack(@e1).class
+  end
+end
diff --git a/jni/ruby/test/matrix/test_vector.rb b/jni/ruby/test/matrix/test_vector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3275310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jni/ruby/test/matrix/test_vector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+require 'test/unit'
+require 'matrix'
+
+class TestVector < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @v1 = Vector[1,2,3]
+    @v2 = Vector[1,2,3]
+    @v3 = @v1.clone
+    @v4 = Vector[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
+    @w1 = Vector[2,3,4]
+  end
+
+  def test_basis
+    assert_equal(Vector[1, 0, 0], Vector.basis(size: 3, index: 0))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Vector.basis(size: -1, index: 2) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Vector.basis(size: 4, index: -1) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Vector.basis(size: 3, index: 3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Vector.basis(size: 3) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Vector.basis(index: 3) }
+  end
+
+  def test_identity
+    assert_same @v1, @v1
+    assert_not_same @v1, @v2
+    assert_not_same @v1, @v3
+    assert_not_same @v1, @v4
+    assert_not_same @v1, @w1
+  end
+
+  def test_equality
+    assert_equal @v1, @v1
+    assert_equal @v1, @v2
+    assert_equal @v1, @v3
+    assert_equal @v1, @v4
+    assert_not_equal @v1, @w1
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_equality
+    assert @v1.eql?(@v1)
+    assert @v1.eql?(@v2)
+    assert @v1.eql?(@v3)
+    assert !@v1.eql?(@v4)
+    assert !@v1.eql?(@w1)
+
+    hash = { @v1 => :value }
+    assert hash.key?(@v1)
+    assert hash.key?(@v2)
+    assert hash.key?(@v3)
+    assert !hash.key?(@v4)
+    assert !hash.key?(@w1)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_equal @v1.hash, @v1.hash
+    assert_equal @v1.hash, @v2.hash
+    assert_equal @v1.hash, @v3.hash
+  end
+
+  def test_aref
+    assert_equal(1, @v1[0])
+    assert_equal(2, @v1[1])
+    assert_equal(3, @v1[2])
+    assert_equal(3, @v1[-1])
+    assert_equal(nil, @v1[3])
+  end
+
+  def test_size
+    assert_equal(3, @v1.size)
+  end
+
+  def test_each2
+    a = []
+    @v1.each2(@v4) {|x, y| a << [x, y] }
+    assert_equal([[1,1.0],[2,2.0],[3,3.0]], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_collect
+    a = @v1.collect {|x| x + 1 }
+    assert_equal(Vector[2,3,4], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_collect2
+    a = @v1.collect2(@v4) {|x, y| x + y }
+    assert_equal([2.0,4.0,6.0], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_map2
+    a = @v1.map2(@v4) {|x, y| x + y }
+    assert_equal(Vector[2.0,4.0,6.0], a)
+  end
+
+  def test_independent?
+    assert(Vector.independent?(@v1, @w1))
+    assert(
+      Vector.independent?(
+        Vector.basis(size: 3, index: 0),
+        Vector.basis(size: 3, index: 1),
+        Vector.basis(size: 3, index: 2),
+      )
+    )
+
+    refute(Vector.independent?(@v1, Vector[2,4,6]))
+    refute(Vector.independent?(Vector[2,4], Vector[1,3], Vector[5,6]))
+
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Vector.independent?(@v1, 3) }
+    assert_raise(Vector::ErrDimensionMismatch) { Vector.independent?(@v1, Vector[2,4]) }
+
+    assert(@v1.independent?(Vector[1,2,4], Vector[1,3,4]))
+  end
+
+  def test_mul
+    assert_equal(Vector[2,4,6], @v1 * 2)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1, 4, 9], [2, 8, 18], [3, 12, 27]], @v1 * Matrix[[1,4,9]])
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrOperationNotDefined) { @v1 * Vector[1,4,9] }
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(1, Vector[1, 2, 3] * o)
+  end
+
+  def test_add
+    assert_equal(Vector[2,4,6], @v1 + @v1)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[2],[6],[12]], @v1 + Matrix[[1],[4],[9]])
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(2, Vector[1, 2, 3] + o)
+  end
+
+  def test_sub
+    assert_equal(Vector[0,0,0], @v1 - @v1)
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[0],[-2],[-6]], @v1 - Matrix[[1],[4],[9]])
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.coerce(x)
+      [1, 1]
+    end
+    assert_equal(0, Vector[1, 2, 3] - o)
+  end
+
+  def test_uplus
+    assert_equal(@v1, +@v1)
+  end
+
+  def test_negate
+    assert_equal(Vector[-1, -2, -3], -@v1)
+    assert_equal(@v1, -(-@v1))
+  end
+
+  def test_inner_product
+    assert_equal(1+4+9, @v1.inner_product(@v1))
+    assert_equal(1+4+9, @v1.dot(@v1))
+  end
+
+  def test_r
+    assert_equal(5, Vector[3, 4].r)
+  end
+
+  def test_covector
+    assert_equal(Matrix[[1,2,3]], @v1.covector)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal("Vector[1, 2, 3]", @v1.to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_inspect
+    assert_equal("Vector[1, 2, 3]", @v1.inspect)
+  end
+
+  def test_magnitude
+    assert_in_epsilon(3.7416573867739413, @v1.norm)
+    assert_in_epsilon(3.7416573867739413, @v4.norm)
+  end
+
+  def test_complex_magnitude
+    bug6966 = '[ruby-dev:46100]'
+    v = Vector[Complex(0,1), 0]
+    assert_equal(1.0, v.norm, bug6966)
+  end
+
+  def test_rational_magnitude
+    v = Vector[Rational(1,2), 0]
+    assert_equal(0.5, v.norm)
+  end
+
+  def test_cross_product
+    v = Vector[1, 0, 0].cross_product Vector[0, 1, 0]
+    assert_equal(Vector[0, 0, 1], v)
+    v2 = Vector[1, 2].cross_product
+    assert_equal(Vector[-2, 1], v2)
+    v3 = Vector[3, 5, 2, 1].cross(Vector[4, 3, 1, 8], Vector[2, 9, 4, 3])
+    assert_equal(Vector[16, -65, 139, -1], v3)
+    assert_equal Vector[0, 0, 0, 1],
+      Vector[1, 0, 0, 0].cross(Vector[0, 1, 0, 0], Vector[0, 0, 1, 0])
+    assert_equal Vector[0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
+      Vector[1, 0, 0, 0, 0].cross(Vector[0, 1, 0, 0, 0], Vector[0, 0, 1, 0, 0], Vector[0, 0, 0, 1, 0])
+    assert_raise(Vector::ErrDimensionMismatch) { Vector[1, 2, 3].cross_product(Vector[1, 4]) }
+    assert_raise(TypeError) { Vector[1, 2, 3].cross_product(42) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Vector[1, 2].cross_product(Vector[2, -1]) }
+    assert_raise(Vector::ErrOperationNotDefined) { Vector[1].cross_product }
+  end
+
+  def test_angle_with
+    assert_in_epsilon(Math::PI, Vector[1, 0].angle_with(Vector[-1, 0]))
+    assert_in_epsilon(Math::PI/2, Vector[1, 0].angle_with(Vector[0, -1]))
+    assert_in_epsilon(Math::PI/4, Vector[2, 2].angle_with(Vector[0, 1]))
+    assert_in_delta(0.0, Vector[1, 1].angle_with(Vector[1, 1]), 0.00001)
+
+    assert_raise(Vector::ZeroVectorError) { Vector[1, 1].angle_with(Vector[0, 0]) }
+    assert_raise(Vector::ZeroVectorError) { Vector[0, 0].angle_with(Vector[1, 1]) }
+    assert_raise(Matrix::ErrDimensionMismatch) { Vector[1, 2, 3].angle_with(Vector[0, 1]) }
+  end
+end