Fresh start

1 files changed, 2184 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/jni/ruby/vm_eval.c b/jni/ruby/vm_eval.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af77ba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jni/ruby/vm_eval.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2184 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  vm_eval.c -
+
+  $Author: nagachika $
+  created at: Sat May 24 16:02:32 JST 2008
+
+  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+  Copyright (C) 2000  Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
+  Copyright (C) 2000  Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
+
+**********************************************************************/
+
+struct local_var_list {
+    VALUE tbl;
+};
+
+static inline VALUE method_missing(VALUE obj, ID id, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int call_status);
+static inline VALUE vm_yield_with_cref(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv, const NODE *cref);
+static inline VALUE vm_yield(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv);
+static inline VALUE vm_yield_with_block(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv, const rb_block_t *blockargptr);
+static NODE *vm_cref_push(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE klass, int noex, rb_block_t *blockptr);
+static VALUE vm_exec(rb_thread_t *th);
+static void vm_set_eval_stack(rb_thread_t * th, VALUE iseqval, const NODE *cref, rb_block_t *base_block);
+static int vm_collect_local_variables_in_heap(rb_thread_t *th, const VALUE *dfp, const struct local_var_list *vars);
+
+static VALUE rb_eUncaughtThrow;
+static ID id_tag, id_value;
+#define id_mesg idMesg
+
+/* vm_backtrace.c */
+VALUE rb_vm_backtrace_str_ary(rb_thread_t *th, int lev, int n);
+
+typedef enum call_type {
+    CALL_PUBLIC,
+    CALL_FCALL,
+    CALL_VCALL,
+    CALL_TYPE_MAX
+} call_type;
+
+static VALUE send_internal(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE recv, call_type scope);
+
+static VALUE vm_call0_body(rb_thread_t* th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const VALUE *argv);
+
+static VALUE
+vm_call0(rb_thread_t* th, VALUE recv, ID id, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+	 const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE defined_class)
+{
+    rb_call_info_t ci_entry, *ci = &ci_entry;
+
+    ci->flag = 0;
+    ci->mid = id;
+    ci->recv = recv;
+    ci->defined_class = defined_class;
+    ci->argc = argc;
+    ci->me = me;
+    ci->kw_arg = NULL;
+
+    return vm_call0_body(th, ci, argv);
+}
+
+#if OPT_CALL_CFUNC_WITHOUT_FRAME
+static VALUE
+vm_call0_cfunc(rb_thread_t* th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE val;
+
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, ci->defined_class, ci->mid);
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL, ci->recv, ci->mid, ci->defined_class, Qnil);
+    {
+	rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp = th->cfp;
+	const rb_method_entry_t *me = ci->me;
+	const rb_method_cfunc_t *cfunc = &me->def->body.cfunc;
+	int len = cfunc->argc;
+
+	if (len >= 0) rb_check_arity(ci->argc, len, len);
+
+	th->passed_ci = ci;
+	ci->aux.inc_sp = 0;
+	VM_PROFILE_UP(2);
+	val = (*cfunc->invoker)(cfunc->func, ci, argv);
+
+	if (reg_cfp == th->cfp) {
+	    if (UNLIKELY(th->passed_ci != ci)) {
+		rb_bug("vm_call0_cfunc: passed_ci error (ci: %p, passed_ci: %p)", ci, th->passed_ci);
+	    }
+	    th->passed_ci = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+	    if (reg_cfp != th->cfp + 1) {
+		rb_bug("vm_call0_cfunc: cfp consistency error");
+	    }
+	    VM_PROFILE_UP(3);
+	    vm_pop_frame(th);
+	}
+    }
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, ci->recv, ci->mid, ci->defined_class, val);
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, ci->defined_class, ci->mid);
+
+    return val;
+}
+#else
+static VALUE
+vm_call0_cfunc_with_frame(rb_thread_t* th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE val;
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me = ci->me;
+    const rb_method_cfunc_t *cfunc = &me->def->body.cfunc;
+    int len = cfunc->argc;
+    VALUE recv = ci->recv;
+    VALUE defined_class = ci->defined_class;
+    int argc = ci->argc;
+    ID mid = ci->mid;
+    rb_block_t *blockptr = ci->blockptr;
+
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_ENTRY_HOOK(th, defined_class, mid);
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL, recv, mid, defined_class, Qnil);
+    {
+	rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp = th->cfp;
+
+	vm_push_frame(th, 0, VM_FRAME_MAGIC_CFUNC, recv, defined_class,
+		      VM_ENVVAL_BLOCK_PTR(blockptr), 0, reg_cfp->sp, 1, me, 0);
+
+	if (len >= 0) rb_check_arity(argc, len, len);
+
+	VM_PROFILE_UP(2);
+	val = (*cfunc->invoker)(cfunc->func, recv, argc, argv);
+
+	if (UNLIKELY(reg_cfp != th->cfp + 1)) {
+		rb_bug("vm_call0_cfunc_with_frame: cfp consistency error");
+	}
+	VM_PROFILE_UP(3);
+	vm_pop_frame(th);
+    }
+    EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(th, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, recv, mid, defined_class, val);
+    RUBY_DTRACE_CMETHOD_RETURN_HOOK(th, defined_class, mid);
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+vm_call0_cfunc(rb_thread_t* th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return vm_call0_cfunc_with_frame(th, ci, argv);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* `ci' should point temporal value (on stack value) */
+static VALUE
+vm_call0_body(rb_thread_t* th, rb_call_info_t *ci, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    if (!ci->me->def) return Qnil;
+
+    if (th->passed_block) {
+	ci->blockptr = (rb_block_t *)th->passed_block;
+	th->passed_block = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+	ci->blockptr = 0;
+    }
+
+  again:
+    switch (ci->me->def->type) {
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ:
+	{
+	    rb_control_frame_t *reg_cfp = th->cfp;
+	    int i;
+
+	    CHECK_VM_STACK_OVERFLOW(reg_cfp, ci->argc + 1);
+
+	    *reg_cfp->sp++ = ci->recv;
+	    for (i = 0; i < ci->argc; i++) {
+		*reg_cfp->sp++ = argv[i];
+	    }
+
+	    vm_call_iseq_setup(th, reg_cfp, ci);
+	    th->cfp->flag |= VM_FRAME_FLAG_FINISH;
+	    return vm_exec(th); /* CHECK_INTS in this function */
+	}
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED:
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC:
+	ret = vm_call0_cfunc(th, ci, argv);
+	goto success;
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET:
+	rb_check_arity(ci->argc, 1, 1);
+	ret = rb_ivar_set(ci->recv, ci->me->def->body.attr.id, argv[0]);
+	goto success;
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR:
+	rb_check_arity(ci->argc, 0, 0);
+	ret = rb_attr_get(ci->recv, ci->me->def->body.attr.id);
+	goto success;
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_BMETHOD:
+	ret = vm_call_bmethod_body(th, ci, argv);
+	goto success;
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_ZSUPER:
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED:
+	{
+	    const rb_method_type_t type = ci->me->def->type;
+	    if (type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED &&
+		ci->me->def->body.orig_me) {
+		ci->me = ci->me->def->body.orig_me;
+		goto again;
+	    }
+
+	    ci->defined_class = RCLASS_SUPER(ci->defined_class);
+
+	    if (!ci->defined_class || !(ci->me = rb_method_entry(ci->defined_class, ci->mid, &ci->defined_class))) {
+		int ex = type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ZSUPER ? NOEX_SUPER : 0;
+		ret = method_missing(ci->recv, ci->mid, ci->argc, argv, ex);
+		goto success;
+	    }
+	    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+	    if (!ci->me->def) return Qnil;
+	    goto again;
+	}
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_MISSING:
+	{
+	    VALUE new_args = rb_ary_new4(ci->argc, argv);
+
+	    rb_ary_unshift(new_args, ID2SYM(ci->mid));
+	    th->passed_block = ci->blockptr;
+	    ret = rb_funcall2(ci->recv, idMethodMissing, ci->argc+1,
+	                      RARRAY_CONST_PTR(new_args));
+	    RB_GC_GUARD(new_args);
+	    return ret;
+	}
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED:
+	switch (ci->me->def->body.optimize_type) {
+	  case OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_SEND:
+	    ret = send_internal(ci->argc, argv, ci->recv, CALL_FCALL);
+	    goto success;
+	  case OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_CALL:
+	    {
+		rb_proc_t *proc;
+		GetProcPtr(ci->recv, proc);
+		ret = rb_vm_invoke_proc(th, proc, ci->argc, argv, ci->blockptr);
+		goto success;
+	    }
+	  default:
+	    rb_bug("vm_call0: unsupported optimized method type (%d)", ci->me->def->body.optimize_type);
+	}
+	break;
+      case VM_METHOD_TYPE_UNDEF:
+	break;
+    }
+    rb_bug("vm_call0: unsupported method type (%d)", ci->me->def->type);
+    return Qundef;
+
+  success:
+    RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_vm_call(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE recv, VALUE id, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+	   const rb_method_entry_t *me, VALUE defined_class)
+{
+    return vm_call0(th, recv, id, argc, argv, me, defined_class);
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+vm_call_super(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE recv = th->cfp->self;
+    VALUE klass;
+    ID id;
+    rb_method_entry_t *me;
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+
+    if (RUBY_VM_NORMAL_ISEQ_P(cfp->iseq) || NIL_P(cfp->klass)) {
+	rb_bug("vm_call_super: should not be reached");
+    }
+
+    klass = RCLASS_ORIGIN(cfp->klass);
+    klass = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
+    id = cfp->me->def->original_id;
+    me = rb_method_entry(klass, id, &klass);
+    if (!me) {
+	return method_missing(recv, id, argc, argv, NOEX_SUPER);
+    }
+
+    return vm_call0(th, recv, id, argc, argv, me, klass);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_call_super(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    PASS_PASSED_BLOCK();
+    return vm_call_super(GET_THREAD(), argc, argv);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_current_receiver(void)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
+    if (!th || !(cfp = th->cfp))
+	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "no self, no life");
+    return cfp->self;
+}
+
+static inline void
+stack_check(void)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+
+    if (!rb_thread_raised_p(th, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW) && ruby_stack_check()) {
+	rb_thread_raised_set(th, RAISED_STACKOVERFLOW);
+	rb_exc_raise(sysstack_error);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline rb_method_entry_t *
+    rb_search_method_entry(VALUE recv, ID mid, VALUE *defined_class_ptr);
+static inline int rb_method_call_status(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_method_entry_t *me, call_type scope, VALUE self);
+#define NOEX_OK NOEX_NOSUPER
+
+/*!
+ * \internal
+ * calls the specified method.
+ *
+ * This function is called by functions in rb_call* family.
+ * \param recv   receiver of the method
+ * \param mid    an ID that represents the name of the method
+ * \param argc   the number of method arguments
+ * \param argv   a pointer to an array of method arguments
+ * \param scope
+ * \param self   self in the caller. Qundef means no self is considered and
+ *               protected methods cannot be called
+ *
+ * \note \a self is used in order to controlling access to protected methods.
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+rb_call0(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+	 call_type scope, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE defined_class;
+    rb_method_entry_t *me =
+	rb_search_method_entry(recv, mid, &defined_class);
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    int call_status = rb_method_call_status(th, me, scope, self);
+
+    if (call_status != NOEX_OK) {
+	return method_missing(recv, mid, argc, argv, call_status);
+    }
+    stack_check();
+    return vm_call0(th, recv, mid, argc, argv, me, defined_class);
+}
+
+struct rescue_funcall_args {
+    VALUE recv;
+    VALUE sym;
+    int argc;
+    const VALUE *argv;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+check_funcall_exec(struct rescue_funcall_args *args)
+{
+    VALUE new_args = rb_ary_new4(args->argc, args->argv);
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    rb_ary_unshift(new_args, args->sym);
+    ret = rb_funcall2(args->recv, idMethodMissing,
+		       args->argc+1, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(new_args));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(new_args);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+check_funcall_failed(struct rescue_funcall_args *args, VALUE e)
+{
+    if (rb_respond_to(args->recv, SYM2ID(args->sym))) {
+	rb_exc_raise(e);
+    }
+    return Qundef;
+}
+
+static int
+check_funcall_respond_to(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE klass, VALUE recv, ID mid)
+{
+    VALUE defined_class;
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me = rb_method_entry(klass, idRespond_to, &defined_class);
+
+    if (me && !(me->flag & NOEX_BASIC)) {
+	const rb_block_t *passed_block = th->passed_block;
+	VALUE args[2], result;
+	int arity = rb_method_entry_arity(me);
+
+	if (arity > 2)
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "respond_to? must accept 1 or 2 arguments (requires %d)", arity);
+
+	if (arity < 1) arity = 2;
+
+	args[0] = ID2SYM(mid);
+	args[1] = Qtrue;
+	result = vm_call0(th, recv, idRespond_to, arity, args, me, defined_class);
+	th->passed_block = passed_block;
+	if (!RTEST(result)) {
+	    return FALSE;
+	}
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static int
+check_funcall_callable(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_method_entry_t *me)
+{
+    return rb_method_call_status(th, me, CALL_FCALL, th->cfp->self) == NOEX_OK;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+check_funcall_missing(rb_thread_t *th, VALUE klass, VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(klass, idMethodMissing)) {
+	return Qundef;
+    }
+    else {
+	struct rescue_funcall_args args;
+
+	th->method_missing_reason = 0;
+	args.recv = recv;
+	args.sym = ID2SYM(mid);
+	args.argc = argc;
+	args.argv = argv;
+	return rb_rescue2(check_funcall_exec, (VALUE)&args,
+			  check_funcall_failed, (VALUE)&args,
+			  rb_eNoMethodError, (VALUE)0);
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_check_funcall(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(recv);
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE defined_class;
+
+    if (!check_funcall_respond_to(th, klass, recv, mid))
+	return Qundef;
+
+    me = rb_search_method_entry(recv, mid, &defined_class);
+    if (check_funcall_callable(th, me) != NOEX_OK) {
+	return check_funcall_missing(th, klass, recv, mid, argc, argv);
+    }
+    stack_check();
+    return vm_call0(th, recv, mid, argc, argv, me, defined_class);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_check_funcall_with_hook(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+			   rb_check_funcall_hook *hook, VALUE arg)
+{
+    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(recv);
+    const rb_method_entry_t *me;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE defined_class;
+
+    if (!check_funcall_respond_to(th, klass, recv, mid))
+	return Qundef;
+
+    me = rb_search_method_entry(recv, mid, &defined_class);
+    if (check_funcall_callable(th, me) != NOEX_OK) {
+	(*hook)(FALSE, recv, mid, argc, argv, arg);
+	return check_funcall_missing(th, klass, recv, mid, argc, argv);
+    }
+    stack_check();
+    (*hook)(TRUE, recv, mid, argc, argv, arg);
+    return vm_call0(th, recv, mid, argc, argv, me, defined_class);
+}
+
+static const char *
+rb_type_str(enum ruby_value_type type)
+{
+#define type_case(t) case t: return #t;
+    switch (type) {
+      type_case(T_NONE)
+      type_case(T_OBJECT)
+      type_case(T_CLASS)
+      type_case(T_MODULE)
+      type_case(T_FLOAT)
+      type_case(T_STRING)
+      type_case(T_REGEXP)
+      type_case(T_ARRAY)
+      type_case(T_HASH)
+      type_case(T_STRUCT)
+      type_case(T_BIGNUM)
+      type_case(T_FILE)
+      type_case(T_DATA)
+      type_case(T_MATCH)
+      type_case(T_COMPLEX)
+      type_case(T_RATIONAL)
+      type_case(T_NIL)
+      type_case(T_TRUE)
+      type_case(T_FALSE)
+      type_case(T_SYMBOL)
+      type_case(T_FIXNUM)
+      type_case(T_UNDEF)
+      type_case(T_NODE)
+      type_case(T_ICLASS)
+      type_case(T_ZOMBIE)
+      default: return NULL;
+    }
+#undef type_case
+}
+
+static inline rb_method_entry_t *
+rb_search_method_entry(VALUE recv, ID mid, VALUE *defined_class_ptr)
+{
+    VALUE klass = CLASS_OF(recv);
+
+    if (!klass) {
+        VALUE flags;
+        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(recv)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+                     "method `%"PRIsVALUE"' called on unexpected immediate object (%p)",
+                     rb_id2str(mid), (void *)recv);
+        }
+        flags = RBASIC(recv)->flags;
+        if (flags == 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+                     "method `%"PRIsVALUE"' called on terminated object"
+                     " (%p flags=0x%"PRIxVALUE")",
+                     rb_id2str(mid), (void *)recv, flags);
+        }
+        else {
+            int type = BUILTIN_TYPE(recv);
+            const char *typestr = rb_type_str(type);
+            if (typestr && T_OBJECT <= type && type < T_NIL)
+                rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+                         "method `%"PRIsVALUE"' called on hidden %s object"
+                         " (%p flags=0x%"PRIxVALUE")",
+                         rb_id2str(mid), typestr, (void *)recv, flags);
+            if (typestr)
+                rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+                         "method `%"PRIsVALUE"' called on unexpected %s object"
+                         " (%p flags=0x%"PRIxVALUE")",
+                         rb_id2str(mid), typestr, (void *)recv, flags);
+            else
+                rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
+                         "method `%"PRIsVALUE"' called on broken T_???" "(0x%02x) object"
+                         " (%p flags=0x%"PRIxVALUE")",
+                         rb_id2str(mid), type, (void *)recv, flags);
+        }
+    }
+    return rb_method_entry(klass, mid, defined_class_ptr);
+}
+
+static inline int
+rb_method_call_status(rb_thread_t *th, const rb_method_entry_t *me, call_type scope, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE klass;
+    ID oid;
+    int noex;
+
+    if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) {
+      undefined:
+	return scope == CALL_VCALL ? NOEX_VCALL : 0;
+    }
+    if (me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_REFINED) {
+	me = rb_resolve_refined_method(Qnil, me, NULL);
+	if (UNDEFINED_METHOD_ENTRY_P(me)) goto undefined;
+    }
+    klass = me->klass;
+    oid = me->def->original_id;
+    noex = me->flag;
+
+    if (oid != idMethodMissing) {
+	/* receiver specified form for private method */
+	if (UNLIKELY(noex)) {
+	    if (((noex & NOEX_MASK) & NOEX_PRIVATE) && scope == CALL_PUBLIC) {
+		return NOEX_PRIVATE;
+	    }
+
+	    /* self must be kind of a specified form for protected method */
+	    if (((noex & NOEX_MASK) & NOEX_PROTECTED) && scope == CALL_PUBLIC) {
+		VALUE defined_class = klass;
+
+		if (RB_TYPE_P(defined_class, T_ICLASS)) {
+		    defined_class = RBASIC(defined_class)->klass;
+		}
+
+		if (self == Qundef || !rb_obj_is_kind_of(self, defined_class)) {
+		    return NOEX_PROTECTED;
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    if (NOEX_SAFE(noex) > th->safe_level) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "calling insecure method: %"PRIsVALUE,
+			 rb_id2str(me->called_id));
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return NOEX_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*!
+ * \internal
+ * calls the specified method.
+ *
+ * This function is called by functions in rb_call* family.
+ * \param recv   receiver
+ * \param mid    an ID that represents the name of the method
+ * \param argc   the number of method arguments
+ * \param argv   a pointer to an array of method arguments
+ * \param scope
+ */
+static inline VALUE
+rb_call(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, call_type scope)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    return rb_call0(recv, mid, argc, argv, scope, th->cfp->self);
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void raise_method_missing(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+					  VALUE obj, int call_status));
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.method_missing(symbol [, *args] )   -> result
+ *
+ *  Invoked by Ruby when <i>obj</i> is sent a message it cannot handle.
+ *  <i>symbol</i> is the symbol for the method called, and <i>args</i>
+ *  are any arguments that were passed to it. By default, the interpreter
+ *  raises an error when this method is called. However, it is possible
+ *  to override the method to provide more dynamic behavior.
+ *  If it is decided that a particular method should not be handled, then
+ *  <i>super</i> should be called, so that ancestors can pick up the
+ *  missing method.
+ *  The example below creates
+ *  a class <code>Roman</code>, which responds to methods with names
+ *  consisting of roman numerals, returning the corresponding integer
+ *  values.
+ *
+ *     class Roman
+ *       def roman_to_int(str)
+ *         # ...
+ *       end
+ *       def method_missing(methId)
+ *         str = methId.id2name
+ *         roman_to_int(str)
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     r = Roman.new
+ *     r.iv      #=> 4
+ *     r.xxiii   #=> 23
+ *     r.mm      #=> 2000
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_method_missing(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    raise_method_missing(th, argc, argv, obj, th->method_missing_reason);
+    UNREACHABLE;
+}
+
+#define NOEX_MISSING   0x80
+
+static VALUE
+make_no_method_exception(VALUE exc, const char *format, VALUE obj, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    int n = 0;
+    VALUE mesg;
+    VALUE args[3];
+
+    if (!format) {
+	format = "undefined method `%s' for %s";
+    }
+    mesg = rb_const_get(exc, rb_intern("message"));
+    if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(mesg), '!')) {
+	args[n++] = rb_name_err_mesg_new(mesg, rb_str_new2(format), obj, argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+	args[n++] = rb_funcall(mesg, '!', 3, rb_str_new2(format), obj, argv[0]);
+    }
+    args[n++] = argv[0];
+    if (exc == rb_eNoMethodError) {
+	args[n++] = rb_ary_new4(argc - 1, argv + 1);
+    }
+    return rb_class_new_instance(n, args, exc);
+}
+
+static void
+raise_method_missing(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj,
+		     int last_call_status)
+{
+    VALUE exc = rb_eNoMethodError;
+    const char *format = 0;
+
+    if (argc == 0 || !SYMBOL_P(argv[0])) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no id given");
+    }
+
+    stack_check();
+
+    if (last_call_status & NOEX_PRIVATE) {
+	format = "private method `%s' called for %s";
+    }
+    else if (last_call_status & NOEX_PROTECTED) {
+	format = "protected method `%s' called for %s";
+    }
+    else if (last_call_status & NOEX_VCALL) {
+	format = "undefined local variable or method `%s' for %s";
+	exc = rb_eNameError;
+    }
+    else if (last_call_status & NOEX_SUPER) {
+	format = "super: no superclass method `%s' for %s";
+    }
+
+    {
+	exc = make_no_method_exception(exc, format, obj, argc, argv);
+	if (!(last_call_status & NOEX_MISSING)) {
+	    rb_vm_pop_cfunc_frame();
+	}
+	rb_exc_raise(exc);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+method_missing(VALUE obj, ID id, int argc, const VALUE *argv, int call_status)
+{
+    VALUE *nargv, result, work;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    const rb_block_t *blockptr = th->passed_block;
+
+    th->method_missing_reason = call_status;
+    th->passed_block = 0;
+
+    if (id == idMethodMissing) {
+	raise_method_missing(th, argc, argv, obj, call_status | NOEX_MISSING);
+    }
+
+    nargv = ALLOCV_N(VALUE, work, argc + 1);
+    nargv[0] = ID2SYM(id);
+    MEMCPY(nargv + 1, argv, VALUE, argc);
+
+    if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(obj) , idMethodMissing)) {
+	raise_method_missing(th, argc+1, nargv, obj, call_status | NOEX_MISSING);
+    }
+    th->passed_block = blockptr;
+    result = rb_funcall2(obj, idMethodMissing, argc + 1, nargv);
+    if (work) ALLOCV_END(work);
+    return result;
+}
+
+void
+rb_raise_method_missing(rb_thread_t *th, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+			VALUE obj, int call_status)
+{
+    th->passed_block = 0;
+    raise_method_missing(th, argc, argv, obj, call_status | NOEX_MISSING);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Calls a method
+ * \param recv   receiver of the method
+ * \param mid    an ID that represents the name of the method
+ * \param args   an Array object which contains method arguments
+ *
+ * \pre \a args must refer an Array object.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_apply(VALUE recv, ID mid, VALUE args)
+{
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, ret;
+
+    argc = RARRAY_LENINT(args);
+    if (argc >= 0x100) {
+	args = rb_ary_subseq(args, 0, argc);
+	RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(args);
+	OBJ_FREEZE(args);
+	ret = rb_call(recv, mid, argc, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args), CALL_FCALL);
+	RB_GC_GUARD(args);
+	return ret;
+    }
+    argv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, argc);
+    MEMCPY(argv, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(args), VALUE, argc);
+    return rb_call(recv, mid, argc, argv, CALL_FCALL);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Calls a method
+ * \param recv   receiver of the method
+ * \param mid    an ID that represents the name of the method
+ * \param n      the number of arguments
+ * \param ...    arbitrary number of method arguments
+ *
+ * \pre each of arguments after \a n must be a VALUE.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_funcall(VALUE recv, ID mid, int n, ...)
+{
+    VALUE *argv;
+    va_list ar;
+
+    if (n > 0) {
+	long i;
+
+	va_init_list(ar, n);
+
+	argv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, n);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	    argv[i] = va_arg(ar, VALUE);
+	}
+	va_end(ar);
+    }
+    else {
+	argv = 0;
+    }
+    return rb_call(recv, mid, n, argv, CALL_FCALL);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Calls a method
+ * \param recv   receiver of the method
+ * \param mid    an ID that represents the name of the method
+ * \param argc   the number of arguments
+ * \param argv   pointer to an array of method arguments
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_funcallv(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return rb_call(recv, mid, argc, argv, CALL_FCALL);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * Calls a method.
+ *
+ * Same as rb_funcall2 but this function can call only public methods.
+ * \param recv   receiver of the method
+ * \param mid    an ID that represents the name of the method
+ * \param argc   the number of arguments
+ * \param argv   pointer to an array of method arguments
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_funcallv_public(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return rb_call(recv, mid, argc, argv, CALL_PUBLIC);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_funcall_passing_block(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_TH(GET_THREAD());
+
+    return rb_call(recv, mid, argc, argv, CALL_PUBLIC);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_funcall_with_block(VALUE recv, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE pass_procval)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(pass_procval)) {
+	rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+	rb_block_t *block = 0;
+
+	rb_proc_t *pass_proc;
+	GetProcPtr(pass_procval, pass_proc);
+	block = &pass_proc->block;
+
+	th->passed_block = block;
+    }
+
+    return rb_call(recv, mid, argc, argv, CALL_PUBLIC);
+}
+
+static VALUE *
+current_vm_stack_arg(rb_thread_t *th, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp);
+    if (RUBY_VM_CONTROL_FRAME_STACK_OVERFLOW_P(th, prev_cfp)) return NULL;
+    if (prev_cfp->sp + 1 != argv) return NULL;
+    return prev_cfp->sp + 1;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+send_internal(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE recv, call_type scope)
+{
+    ID id;
+    VALUE vid;
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE ret, vargv = 0;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+
+    if (scope == CALL_PUBLIC) {
+	self = Qundef;
+    }
+    else {
+	self = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp)->self;
+    }
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no method name given");
+    }
+
+    vid = *argv;
+
+    id = rb_check_id(&vid);
+    if (!id) {
+	if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(recv), idMethodMissing)) {
+	    VALUE exc = make_no_method_exception(rb_eNoMethodError, NULL,
+						 recv, argc, argv);
+	    rb_exc_raise(exc);
+	}
+	if (!SYMBOL_P(*argv)) {
+	    VALUE *tmp_argv = current_vm_stack_arg(th, argv);
+	    vid = rb_str_intern(vid);
+	    if (tmp_argv) {
+		tmp_argv[0] = vid;
+	    }
+	    else if (argc > 1) {
+		tmp_argv = ALLOCV_N(VALUE, vargv, argc);
+		tmp_argv[0] = vid;
+		MEMCPY(tmp_argv+1, argv+1, VALUE, argc-1);
+		argv = tmp_argv;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		argv = &vid;
+	    }
+	}
+	id = idMethodMissing;
+    }
+    else {
+	argv++; argc--;
+    }
+    PASS_PASSED_BLOCK_TH(th);
+    ret = rb_call0(recv, id, argc, argv, scope, self);
+    ALLOCV_END(vargv);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    foo.send(symbol [, args...])       -> obj
+ *    foo.__send__(symbol [, args...])   -> obj
+ *    foo.send(string [, args...])       -> obj
+ *    foo.__send__(string [, args...])   -> obj
+ *
+ *  Invokes the method identified by _symbol_, passing it any
+ *  arguments specified. You can use <code>__send__</code> if the name
+ *  +send+ clashes with an existing method in _obj_.
+ *  When the method is identified by a string, the string is converted
+ *  to a symbol.
+ *
+ *     class Klass
+ *       def hello(*args)
+ *         "Hello " + args.join(' ')
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     k = Klass.new
+ *     k.send :hello, "gentle", "readers"   #=> "Hello gentle readers"
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_f_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
+{
+    return send_internal(argc, argv, recv, CALL_FCALL);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.public_send(symbol [, args...])  -> obj
+ *     obj.public_send(string [, args...])  -> obj
+ *
+ *  Invokes the method identified by _symbol_, passing it any
+ *  arguments specified. Unlike send, public_send calls public
+ *  methods only.
+ *  When the method is identified by a string, the string is converted
+ *  to a symbol.
+ *
+ *     1.public_send(:puts, "hello")  # causes NoMethodError
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_f_public_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
+{
+    return send_internal(argc, argv, recv, CALL_PUBLIC);
+}
+
+/* yield */
+
+static inline VALUE
+rb_yield_0(int argc, const VALUE * argv)
+{
+    return vm_yield(GET_THREAD(), argc, argv);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_yield(VALUE val)
+{
+    if (val == Qundef) {
+	return rb_yield_0(0, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+	return rb_yield_0(1, &val);
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_yield_values(int n, ...)
+{
+    if (n == 0) {
+	return rb_yield_0(0, 0);
+    }
+    else {
+	int i;
+	VALUE *argv;
+	va_list args;
+	argv = ALLOCA_N(VALUE, n);
+
+	va_init_list(args, n);
+	for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+	    argv[i] = va_arg(args, VALUE);
+	}
+	va_end(args);
+
+	return rb_yield_0(n, argv);
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_yield_values2(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
+{
+    return rb_yield_0(argc, argv);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_yield_splat(VALUE values)
+{
+    VALUE tmp = rb_check_array_type(values);
+    volatile VALUE v;
+    if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "not an array");
+    }
+    v = rb_yield_0(RARRAY_LENINT(tmp), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(tmp));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(tmp);
+    return v;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_yield_block(VALUE val, VALUE arg, int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE blockarg)
+{
+    const rb_block_t *blockptr = 0;
+    if (!NIL_P(blockarg)) {
+	rb_proc_t *blockproc;
+	GetProcPtr(blockarg, blockproc);
+	blockptr = &blockproc->block;
+    }
+    return vm_yield_with_block(GET_THREAD(), argc, argv, blockptr);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+loop_i(void)
+{
+    for (;;) {
+	rb_yield_0(0, 0);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_f_loop_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
+{
+    return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     loop { block }
+ *     loop            -> an_enumerator
+ *
+ *  Repeatedly executes the block.
+ *
+ *  If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
+ *
+ *     loop do
+ *       print "Input: "
+ *       line = gets
+ *       break if !line or line =~ /^qQ/
+ *       # ...
+ *     end
+ *
+ *  StopIteration raised in the block breaks the loop.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_f_loop(VALUE self)
+{
+    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, rb_f_loop_size);
+    rb_rescue2(loop_i, (VALUE)0, 0, 0, rb_eStopIteration, (VALUE)0);
+    return Qnil;		/* dummy */
+}
+
+#if VMDEBUG
+static const char *
+vm_frametype_name(const rb_control_frame_t *cfp);
+#endif
+
+VALUE
+rb_iterate(VALUE (* it_proc) (VALUE), VALUE data1,
+	   VALUE (* bl_proc) (ANYARGS), VALUE data2)
+{
+    int state;
+    volatile VALUE retval = Qnil;
+    NODE *node = NEW_IFUNC(bl_proc, data2);
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_control_frame_t *volatile cfp = th->cfp;
+
+    node->nd_aid = rb_frame_this_func();
+    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
+    state = TH_EXEC_TAG();
+    if (state == 0) {
+	VAR_INITIALIZED(th);
+	VAR_INITIALIZED(node);
+      iter_retry:
+	{
+	    rb_block_t *blockptr;
+	    if (bl_proc) {
+		blockptr = RUBY_VM_GET_BLOCK_PTR_IN_CFP(th->cfp);
+		blockptr->iseq = (void *)node;
+		blockptr->proc = 0;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		blockptr = VM_CF_BLOCK_PTR(th->cfp);
+	    }
+	    th->passed_block = blockptr;
+	}
+	retval = (*it_proc) (data1);
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE err = th->errinfo;
+	if (state == TAG_BREAK) {
+	    rb_control_frame_t *escape_cfp = GET_THROWOBJ_CATCH_POINT(err);
+
+	    if (cfp == escape_cfp) {
+		state = 0;
+		th->state = 0;
+		th->errinfo = Qnil;
+		retval = GET_THROWOBJ_VAL(err);
+
+		rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
+	    }
+	    else{
+		/* SDR(); printf("%p, %p\n", cdfp, escape_dfp); */
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (state == TAG_RETRY) {
+	    rb_control_frame_t *escape_cfp = GET_THROWOBJ_CATCH_POINT(err);
+
+	    if (cfp == escape_cfp) {
+		rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, cfp);
+
+		state = 0;
+		th->state = 0;
+		th->errinfo = Qnil;
+		goto iter_retry;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    TH_POP_TAG();
+
+    switch (state) {
+      case 0:
+	break;
+      default:
+	TH_JUMP_TAG(th, state);
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+struct iter_method_arg {
+    VALUE obj;
+    ID mid;
+    int argc;
+    const VALUE *argv;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+iterate_method(VALUE obj)
+{
+    const struct iter_method_arg * arg =
+      (struct iter_method_arg *) obj;
+
+    return rb_call(arg->obj, arg->mid, arg->argc, arg->argv, CALL_FCALL);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_block_call(VALUE obj, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE * argv,
+	      VALUE (*bl_proc) (ANYARGS), VALUE data2)
+{
+    struct iter_method_arg arg;
+
+    arg.obj = obj;
+    arg.mid = mid;
+    arg.argc = argc;
+    arg.argv = argv;
+    return rb_iterate(iterate_method, (VALUE)&arg, bl_proc, data2);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+iterate_check_method(VALUE obj)
+{
+    const struct iter_method_arg * arg =
+      (struct iter_method_arg *) obj;
+
+    return rb_check_funcall(arg->obj, arg->mid, arg->argc, arg->argv);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_check_block_call(VALUE obj, ID mid, int argc, const VALUE *argv,
+		    VALUE (*bl_proc) (ANYARGS), VALUE data2)
+{
+    struct iter_method_arg arg;
+
+    arg.obj = obj;
+    arg.mid = mid;
+    arg.argc = argc;
+    arg.argv = argv;
+    return rb_iterate(iterate_check_method, (VALUE)&arg, bl_proc, data2);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_each(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return rb_call(obj, idEach, 0, 0, CALL_FCALL);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+eval_string_with_cref(VALUE self, VALUE src, VALUE scope, NODE *const cref_arg, volatile VALUE file, volatile int line)
+{
+    int state;
+    VALUE result = Qundef;
+    VALUE envval;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_env_t *env = NULL;
+    rb_block_t block, *base_block;
+    volatile int parse_in_eval;
+    volatile int mild_compile_error;
+    NODE *orig_cref;
+    VALUE crefval;
+
+    if (file == 0) {
+	file = rb_sourcefilename();
+	line = rb_sourceline();
+    }
+
+    parse_in_eval = th->parse_in_eval;
+    mild_compile_error = th->mild_compile_error;
+    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
+    if ((state = TH_EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+	NODE *cref = cref_arg;
+	rb_binding_t *bind = 0;
+	rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+	volatile VALUE iseqval;
+	VALUE absolute_path = Qnil;
+	VALUE fname;
+
+	if (file != Qundef) {
+	    absolute_path = file;
+	}
+
+	if (!NIL_P(scope)) {
+	    bind = Check_TypedStruct(scope, &ruby_binding_data_type);
+	    {
+		envval = bind->env;
+		if (NIL_P(absolute_path) && !NIL_P(bind->path)) {
+		    file = bind->path;
+		    line = bind->first_lineno;
+		    absolute_path = rb_current_realfilepath();
+		}
+	    }
+	    GetEnvPtr(envval, env);
+	    base_block = &env->block;
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(th, th->cfp);
+
+	    if (cfp != 0) {
+		block = *RUBY_VM_GET_BLOCK_PTR_IN_CFP(cfp);
+		base_block = &block;
+		base_block->self = self;
+		base_block->iseq = cfp->iseq;	/* TODO */
+	    }
+	    else {
+		rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Can't eval on top of Fiber or Thread");
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if ((fname = file) == Qundef) {
+	    fname = rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("(eval)");
+	}
+
+	if (RTEST(fname))
+	    fname = rb_fstring(fname);
+	if (RTEST(absolute_path))
+	    absolute_path = rb_fstring(absolute_path);
+
+	/* make eval iseq */
+	th->parse_in_eval++;
+	th->mild_compile_error++;
+	iseqval = rb_iseq_compile_with_option(src, fname, absolute_path, INT2FIX(line), base_block, Qnil);
+	th->mild_compile_error--;
+	th->parse_in_eval--;
+
+	if (!cref && base_block->iseq) {
+	    orig_cref = rb_vm_get_cref(base_block->iseq, base_block->ep);
+	    cref = NEW_CREF(Qnil);
+	    crefval = (VALUE) cref;
+	    COPY_CREF(cref, orig_cref);
+	}
+	vm_set_eval_stack(th, iseqval, cref, base_block);
+	th->cfp->klass = CLASS_OF(base_block->self);
+	RB_GC_GUARD(crefval);
+
+	if (0) {		/* for debug */
+	    VALUE disasm = rb_iseq_disasm(iseqval);
+	    printf("%s\n", StringValuePtr(disasm));
+	}
+
+	/* save new env */
+	GetISeqPtr(iseqval, iseq);
+	if (bind && iseq->local_table_size > 0) {
+	    bind->env = rb_vm_make_env_object(th, th->cfp);
+	}
+
+	/* kick */
+	result = vm_exec(th);
+    }
+    TH_POP_TAG();
+    th->mild_compile_error = mild_compile_error;
+    th->parse_in_eval = parse_in_eval;
+
+    if (state) {
+	if (state == TAG_RAISE) {
+	    VALUE errinfo = th->errinfo;
+	    if (file == Qundef) {
+		VALUE mesg, errat, bt2;
+
+		errat = rb_get_backtrace(errinfo);
+		mesg = rb_attr_get(errinfo, id_mesg);
+		if (!NIL_P(errat) && RB_TYPE_P(errat, T_ARRAY) &&
+		    (bt2 = rb_vm_backtrace_str_ary(th, 0, 0), RARRAY_LEN(bt2) > 0)) {
+		    if (!NIL_P(mesg) && RB_TYPE_P(mesg, T_STRING) && !RSTRING_LEN(mesg)) {
+			if (OBJ_FROZEN(mesg)) {
+			    VALUE m = rb_str_cat(rb_str_dup(RARRAY_AREF(errat, 0)), ": ", 2);
+			    rb_ivar_set(errinfo, id_mesg, rb_str_append(m, mesg));
+			}
+			else {
+			    rb_str_update(mesg, 0, 0, rb_str_new2(": "));
+			    rb_str_update(mesg, 0, 0, RARRAY_AREF(errat, 0));
+			}
+		    }
+		    RARRAY_ASET(errat, 0, RARRAY_AREF(bt2, 0));
+		}
+	    }
+	    rb_exc_raise(errinfo);
+	}
+	JUMP_TAG(state);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+eval_string(VALUE self, VALUE src, VALUE scope, VALUE file, int line)
+{
+    return eval_string_with_cref(self, src, scope, 0, file, line);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     eval(string [, binding [, filename [,lineno]]])  -> obj
+ *
+ *  Evaluates the Ruby expression(s) in <em>string</em>. If
+ *  <em>binding</em> is given, which must be a <code>Binding</code>
+ *  object, the evaluation is performed in its context. If the
+ *  optional <em>filename</em> and <em>lineno</em> parameters are
+ *  present, they will be used when reporting syntax errors.
+ *
+ *     def get_binding(str)
+ *       return binding
+ *     end
+ *     str = "hello"
+ *     eval "str + ' Fred'"                      #=> "hello Fred"
+ *     eval "str + ' Fred'", get_binding("bye")  #=> "bye Fred"
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_f_eval(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE src, scope, vfile, vline;
+    VALUE file = Qundef;
+    int line = 1;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &src, &scope, &vfile, &vline);
+    SafeStringValue(src);
+    if (argc >= 3) {
+	StringValue(vfile);
+    }
+    if (argc >= 4) {
+	line = NUM2INT(vline);
+    }
+
+    if (!NIL_P(vfile))
+	file = vfile;
+    return eval_string(self, src, scope, file, line);
+}
+
+/** @note This function name is not stable. */
+VALUE
+ruby_eval_string_from_file(const char *str, const char *filename)
+{
+    VALUE file = filename ? rb_str_new_cstr(filename) : 0;
+    return eval_string(rb_vm_top_self(), rb_str_new2(str), Qnil, file, 1);
+}
+
+struct eval_string_from_file_arg {
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE filename;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+eval_string_from_file_helper(VALUE data)
+{
+    const struct eval_string_from_file_arg *const arg = (struct eval_string_from_file_arg*)data;
+    return eval_string(rb_vm_top_self(), arg->str, Qnil, arg->filename, 1);
+}
+
+VALUE
+ruby_eval_string_from_file_protect(const char *str, const char *filename, int *state)
+{
+    struct eval_string_from_file_arg arg;
+    arg.str = rb_str_new_cstr(str);
+    arg.filename = filename ? rb_str_new_cstr(filename) : 0;
+    return rb_protect(eval_string_from_file_helper, (VALUE)&arg, state);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates the given string in an isolated binding.
+ *
+ * Here "isolated" means the binding does not inherit any other binding. This
+ * behaves same as the binding for required libraries.
+ *
+ * __FILE__ will be "(eval)", and __LINE__ starts from 1 in the evaluation.
+ *
+ * @param str Ruby code to evaluate.
+ * @return The evaluated result.
+ * @throw Exception   Raises an exception on error.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_eval_string(const char *str)
+{
+    return ruby_eval_string_from_file(str, "eval");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates the given string in an isolated binding.
+ *
+ * __FILE__ will be "(eval)", and __LINE__ starts from 1 in the evaluation.
+ *
+ * @sa rb_eval_string
+ * @param str Ruby code to evaluate.
+ * @param state Being set to zero if succeeded. Nonzero if an error occurred.
+ * @return The evaluated result if succeeded, an undefined value if otherwise.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_eval_string_protect(const char *str, int *state)
+{
+    return rb_protect((VALUE (*)(VALUE))rb_eval_string, (VALUE)str, state);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Evaluates the given string under a module binding in an isolated binding.
+ * This is same as the binding for loaded libraries on "load('foo', true)".
+ *
+ * __FILE__ will be "(eval)", and __LINE__ starts from 1 in the evaluation.
+ *
+ * @sa rb_eval_string
+ * @param str Ruby code to evaluate.
+ * @param state Being set to zero if succeeded. Nonzero if an error occurred.
+ * @return The evaluated result if succeeded, an undefined value if otherwise.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_eval_string_wrap(const char *str, int *state)
+{
+    int status;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    VALUE self = th->top_self;
+    VALUE wrapper = th->top_wrapper;
+    VALUE val;
+
+    th->top_wrapper = rb_module_new();
+    th->top_self = rb_obj_clone(rb_vm_top_self());
+    rb_extend_object(th->top_self, th->top_wrapper);
+
+    val = rb_eval_string_protect(str, &status);
+
+    th->top_self = self;
+    th->top_wrapper = wrapper;
+
+    if (state) {
+	*state = status;
+    }
+    else if (status) {
+	JUMP_TAG(status);
+    }
+    return val;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_eval_cmd(VALUE cmd, VALUE arg, int level)
+{
+    int state;
+    volatile VALUE val = Qnil;		/* OK */
+    volatile int safe = rb_safe_level();
+
+    if (OBJ_TAINTED(cmd)) {
+	level = 4;
+    }
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(cmd, T_STRING)) {
+	PUSH_TAG();
+	rb_set_safe_level_force(level);
+	if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+	    val = rb_funcall2(cmd, idCall, RARRAY_LENINT(arg),
+			      RARRAY_CONST_PTR(arg));
+	}
+	POP_TAG();
+
+	rb_set_safe_level_force(safe);
+
+	if (state)
+	    JUMP_TAG(state);
+	return val;
+    }
+
+    PUSH_TAG();
+    if ((state = EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+	val = eval_string(rb_vm_top_self(), cmd, Qnil, 0, 0);
+    }
+    POP_TAG();
+
+    rb_set_safe_level_force(safe);
+    if (state) JUMP_TAG(state);
+    return val;
+}
+
+/* block eval under the class/module context */
+
+static VALUE
+yield_under(VALUE under, VALUE self, VALUE values)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_block_t block, *blockptr;
+    NODE *cref;
+
+    if ((blockptr = VM_CF_BLOCK_PTR(th->cfp)) != 0) {
+	block = *blockptr;
+	block.self = self;
+	VM_CF_LEP(th->cfp)[0] = VM_ENVVAL_BLOCK_PTR(&block);
+    }
+    cref = vm_cref_push(th, under, NOEX_PUBLIC, blockptr);
+    cref->flags |= NODE_FL_CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL;
+
+    if (values == Qundef) {
+	return vm_yield_with_cref(th, 1, &self, cref);
+    }
+    else {
+	return vm_yield_with_cref(th, RARRAY_LENINT(values), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(values), cref);
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_yield_refine_block(VALUE refinement, VALUE refinements)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_block_t block, *blockptr;
+    NODE *cref;
+
+    if ((blockptr = VM_CF_BLOCK_PTR(th->cfp)) != 0) {
+	block = *blockptr;
+	block.self = refinement;
+	VM_CF_LEP(th->cfp)[0] = VM_ENVVAL_BLOCK_PTR(&block);
+    }
+    cref = vm_cref_push(th, refinement, NOEX_PUBLIC, blockptr);
+    cref->flags |= NODE_FL_CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(cref, &cref->nd_refinements, refinements);
+
+    return vm_yield_with_cref(th, 0, NULL, cref);
+}
+
+/* string eval under the class/module context */
+static VALUE
+eval_under(VALUE under, VALUE self, VALUE src, VALUE file, int line)
+{
+    NODE *cref = vm_cref_push(GET_THREAD(), under, NOEX_PUBLIC, NULL);
+
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(self) && !NIL_P(under)) {
+	cref->flags |= NODE_FL_CREF_PUSHED_BY_EVAL;
+    }
+    SafeStringValue(src);
+
+    return eval_string_with_cref(self, src, Qnil, cref, file, line);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+specific_eval(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE klass, VALUE self)
+{
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+	rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 0);
+	return yield_under(klass, self, Qundef);
+    }
+    else {
+	VALUE file = Qundef;
+	int line = 1;
+	VALUE code;
+
+	rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 3);
+	code = argv[0];
+	SafeStringValue(code);
+	if (argc > 2)
+	    line = NUM2INT(argv[2]);
+	if (argc > 1) {
+	    file = argv[1];
+	    if (!NIL_P(file)) StringValue(file);
+	}
+	return eval_under(klass, self, code, file, line);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+singleton_class_for_eval(VALUE self)
+{
+    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(self)) {
+	return rb_special_singleton_class(self);
+    }
+    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(self)) {
+      case T_FLOAT: case T_BIGNUM: case T_SYMBOL:
+	return Qnil;
+      default:
+	return rb_singleton_class(self);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.instance_eval(string [, filename [, lineno]] )   -> obj
+ *     obj.instance_eval {|obj| block }                     -> obj
+ *
+ *  Evaluates a string containing Ruby source code, or the given block,
+ *  within the context of the receiver (_obj_). In order to set the
+ *  context, the variable +self+ is set to _obj_ while
+ *  the code is executing, giving the code access to _obj_'s
+ *  instance variables and private methods.
+ *
+ *  When <code>instance_eval</code> is given a block, _obj_ is also
+ *  passed in as the block's only argument.
+ *
+ *  When <code>instance_eval</code> is given a +String+, the optional
+ *  second and third parameters supply a filename and starting line number
+ *  that are used when reporting compilation errors.
+ *
+ *     class KlassWithSecret
+ *       def initialize
+ *         @secret = 99
+ *       end
+ *       private
+ *       def the_secret
+ *         "Ssssh! The secret is #{@secret}."
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     k = KlassWithSecret.new
+ *     k.instance_eval { @secret }          #=> 99
+ *     k.instance_eval { the_secret }       #=> "Ssssh! The secret is 99."
+ *     k.instance_eval {|obj| obj == self } #=> true
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_obj_instance_eval(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE klass = singleton_class_for_eval(self);
+    return specific_eval(argc, argv, klass, self);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.instance_exec(arg...) {|var...| block }                       -> obj
+ *
+ *  Executes the given block within the context of the receiver
+ *  (_obj_). In order to set the context, the variable +self+ is set
+ *  to _obj_ while the code is executing, giving the code access to
+ *  _obj_'s instance variables.  Arguments are passed as block parameters.
+ *
+ *     class KlassWithSecret
+ *       def initialize
+ *         @secret = 99
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     k = KlassWithSecret.new
+ *     k.instance_exec(5) {|x| @secret+x }   #=> 104
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_obj_instance_exec(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE klass = singleton_class_for_eval(self);
+    return yield_under(klass, self, rb_ary_new4(argc, argv));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.class_eval(string [, filename [, lineno]])  -> obj
+ *     mod.module_eval {|| block }                     -> obj
+ *
+ *  Evaluates the string or block in the context of _mod_, except that when
+ *  a block is given, constant/class variable lookup is not affected. This
+ *  can be used to add methods to a class. <code>module_eval</code> returns
+ *  the result of evaluating its argument. The optional _filename_ and
+ *  _lineno_ parameters set the text for error messages.
+ *
+ *     class Thing
+ *     end
+ *     a = %q{def hello() "Hello there!" end}
+ *     Thing.module_eval(a)
+ *     puts Thing.new.hello()
+ *     Thing.module_eval("invalid code", "dummy", 123)
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Hello there!
+ *     dummy:123:in `module_eval': undefined local variable
+ *         or method `code' for Thing:Class
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_mod_module_eval(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
+{
+    return specific_eval(argc, argv, mod, mod);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.module_exec(arg...) {|var...| block }       -> obj
+ *     mod.class_exec(arg...) {|var...| block }        -> obj
+ *
+ *  Evaluates the given block in the context of the class/module.
+ *  The method defined in the block will belong to the receiver.
+ *  Any arguments passed to the method will be passed to the block.
+ *  This can be used if the block needs to access instance variables.
+ *
+ *     class Thing
+ *     end
+ *     Thing.class_exec{
+ *       def hello() "Hello there!" end
+ *     }
+ *     puts Thing.new.hello()
+ *
+ *  <em>produces:</em>
+ *
+ *     Hello there!
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_mod_module_exec(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
+{
+    return yield_under(mod, mod, rb_ary_new4(argc, argv));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: UncaughtThrowError
+ *
+ *  Raised when +throw+ is called with a _tag_ which does not have
+ *  corresponding +catch+ block.
+ *
+ *     throw "foo", "bar"
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     UncaughtThrowError: uncaught throw "foo"
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+uncaught_throw_init(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
+    rb_call_super(argc - 2, argv + 2);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_tag, argv[0]);
+    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_value, argv[1]);
+    return exc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   uncaught_throw.tag   -> obj
+ *
+ * Return the tag object which was called for.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+uncaught_throw_tag(VALUE exc)
+{
+    return rb_ivar_get(exc, id_tag);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   uncaught_throw.value   -> obj
+ *
+ * Return the return value which was called for.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+uncaught_throw_value(VALUE exc)
+{
+    return rb_ivar_get(exc, id_value);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   uncaught_throw.to_s   ->  string
+ *
+ * Returns formatted message with the inspected tag.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+uncaught_throw_to_s(VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, id_mesg);
+    VALUE tag = uncaught_throw_tag(exc);
+    return rb_str_format(1, &tag, mesg);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     throw(tag [, obj])
+ *
+ *  Transfers control to the end of the active +catch+ block
+ *  waiting for _tag_. Raises +UncaughtThrowError+ if there
+ *  is no +catch+ block for the _tag_. The optional second
+ *  parameter supplies a return value for the +catch+ block,
+ *  which otherwise defaults to +nil+. For examples, see
+ *  <code>Kernel::catch</code>.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_f_throw(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE tag, value;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &tag, &value);
+    rb_throw_obj(tag, value);
+    UNREACHABLE;
+}
+
+void
+rb_throw_obj(VALUE tag, VALUE value)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    struct rb_vm_tag *tt = th->tag;
+
+    while (tt) {
+	if (tt->tag == tag) {
+	    tt->retval = value;
+	    break;
+	}
+	tt = tt->prev;
+    }
+    if (!tt) {
+	VALUE desc[3];
+	desc[0] = tag;
+	desc[1] = value;
+	desc[2] = rb_str_new_cstr("uncaught throw %p");
+	rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(numberof(desc), desc, rb_eUncaughtThrow));
+    }
+    th->errinfo = NEW_THROW_OBJECT(tag, 0, TAG_THROW);
+
+    JUMP_TAG(TAG_THROW);
+}
+
+void
+rb_throw(const char *tag, VALUE val)
+{
+    rb_throw_obj(ID2SYM(rb_intern(tag)), val);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+catch_i(VALUE tag, VALUE data)
+{
+    return rb_yield_0(1, &tag);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     catch([tag]) {|tag| block }  -> obj
+ *
+ *  +catch+ executes its block. If +throw+ is not called, the block executes
+ *  normally, and +catch+ returns the value of the last expression evaluated.
+ *
+ *     catch(1) { 123 }            # => 123
+ *
+ *  If +throw(tag2, val)+ is called, Ruby searches up its stack for a +catch+
+ *  block whose +tag+ has the same +object_id+ as _tag2_. When found, the block
+ *  stops executing and returns _val_ (or +nil+ if no second argument was given
+ *  to +throw+).
+ *
+ *     catch(1) { throw(1, 456) }  # => 456
+ *     catch(1) { throw(1) }       # => nil
+ *
+ *  When +tag+ is passed as the first argument, +catch+ yields it as the
+ *  parameter of the block.
+ *
+ *     catch(1) {|x| x + 2 }       # => 3
+ *
+ *  When no +tag+ is given, +catch+ yields a new unique object (as from
+ *  +Object.new+) as the block parameter. This object can then be used as the
+ *  argument to +throw+, and will match the correct +catch+ block.
+ *
+ *     catch do |obj_A|
+ *       catch do |obj_B|
+ *         throw(obj_B, 123)
+ *         puts "This puts is not reached"
+ *       end
+ *
+ *       puts "This puts is displayed"
+ *       456
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     # => 456
+ *
+ *     catch do |obj_A|
+ *       catch do |obj_B|
+ *         throw(obj_A, 123)
+ *         puts "This puts is still not reached"
+ *       end
+ *
+ *       puts "Now this puts is also not reached"
+ *       456
+ *     end
+ *
+ *     # => 123
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_f_catch(int argc, VALUE *argv)
+{
+    VALUE tag;
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+	tag = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &tag);
+    }
+    return rb_catch_obj(tag, catch_i, 0);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_catch(const char *tag, VALUE (*func)(), VALUE data)
+{
+    VALUE vtag = tag ? ID2SYM(rb_intern(tag)) : rb_obj_alloc(rb_cObject);
+    return rb_catch_obj(vtag, func, data);
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_catch_obj(VALUE t, VALUE (*func)(), VALUE data)
+{
+    int state;
+    VALUE val = rb_catch_protect(t, (rb_block_call_func *)func, data, &state);
+    if (state)
+	JUMP_TAG(state);
+    return val;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_catch_protect(VALUE t, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE data, int *stateptr)
+{
+    int state;
+    volatile VALUE val = Qnil;		/* OK */
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_control_frame_t *saved_cfp = th->cfp;
+    volatile VALUE tag = t;
+
+    TH_PUSH_TAG(th);
+
+    _tag.tag = tag;
+
+    if ((state = TH_EXEC_TAG()) == 0) {
+	/* call with argc=1, argv = [tag], block = Qnil to insure compatibility */
+	val = (*func)(tag, data, 1, (const VALUE *)&tag, Qnil);
+    }
+    else if (state == TAG_THROW && RNODE(th->errinfo)->u1.value == tag) {
+	rb_vm_rewind_cfp(th, saved_cfp);
+	val = th->tag->retval;
+	th->errinfo = Qnil;
+	state = 0;
+    }
+    TH_POP_TAG();
+    if (stateptr)
+	*stateptr = state;
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+static void
+local_var_list_init(struct local_var_list *vars)
+{
+    vars->tbl = rb_hash_new();
+    RHASH(vars->tbl)->ntbl = st_init_numtable(); /* compare_by_identity */
+    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(vars->tbl);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+local_var_list_finish(struct local_var_list *vars)
+{
+    /* TODO: not to depend on the order of st_table */
+    VALUE ary = rb_hash_keys(vars->tbl);
+    rb_hash_clear(vars->tbl);
+    vars->tbl = 0;
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static int
+local_var_list_update(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
+{
+    if (existing) return ST_STOP;
+    *value = (st_data_t)Qtrue;	/* INT2FIX(arg) */
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+local_var_list_add(const struct local_var_list *vars, ID lid)
+{
+    if (lid && rb_id2str(lid)) {
+	/* should skip temporary variable */
+	st_table *tbl = RHASH_TBL_RAW(vars->tbl);
+	st_data_t idx = 0;	/* tbl->num_entries */
+	st_update(tbl, ID2SYM(lid), local_var_list_update, idx);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     local_variables    -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns the names of the current local variables.
+ *
+ *     fred = 1
+ *     for i in 1..10
+ *        # ...
+ *     end
+ *     local_variables   #=> [:fred, :i]
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_f_local_variables(void)
+{
+    struct local_var_list vars;
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp =
+	vm_get_ruby_level_caller_cfp(th, RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(th->cfp));
+    int i;
+
+    local_var_list_init(&vars);
+    while (cfp) {
+	if (cfp->iseq) {
+	    for (i = 0; i < cfp->iseq->local_table_size; i++) {
+		local_var_list_add(&vars, cfp->iseq->local_table[i]);
+	    }
+	}
+	if (!VM_EP_LEP_P(cfp->ep)) {
+	    /* block */
+	    VALUE *ep = VM_CF_PREV_EP(cfp);
+
+	    if (vm_collect_local_variables_in_heap(th, ep, &vars)) {
+		break;
+	    }
+	    else {
+		while (cfp->ep != ep) {
+		    cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp);
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	else {
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    return local_var_list_finish(&vars);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     block_given?   -> true or false
+ *     iterator?      -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns <code>true</code> if <code>yield</code> would execute a
+ *  block in the current context. The <code>iterator?</code> form
+ *  is mildly deprecated.
+ *
+ *     def try
+ *       if block_given?
+ *         yield
+ *       else
+ *         "no block"
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     try                  #=> "no block"
+ *     try { "hello" }      #=> "hello"
+ *     try do "hello" end   #=> "hello"
+ */
+
+
+VALUE
+rb_f_block_given_p(void)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+    cfp = vm_get_ruby_level_caller_cfp(th, RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp));
+
+    if (cfp != 0 && VM_CF_BLOCK_PTR(cfp)) {
+	return Qtrue;
+    }
+    else {
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_current_realfilepath(void)
+{
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
+    rb_control_frame_t *cfp = th->cfp;
+    cfp = vm_get_ruby_level_caller_cfp(th, RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp));
+    if (cfp != 0) return cfp->iseq->location.absolute_path;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+void
+Init_vm_eval(void)
+{
+    rb_define_global_function("eval", rb_f_eval, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("local_variables", rb_f_local_variables, 0);
+    rb_define_global_function("iterator?", rb_f_block_given_p, 0);
+    rb_define_global_function("block_given?", rb_f_block_given_p, 0);
+
+    rb_define_global_function("catch", rb_f_catch, -1);
+    rb_define_global_function("throw", rb_f_throw, -1);
+
+    rb_define_global_function("loop", rb_f_loop, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBasicObject, "instance_eval", rb_obj_instance_eval, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBasicObject, "instance_exec", rb_obj_instance_exec, -1);
+    rb_define_private_method(rb_cBasicObject, "method_missing", rb_method_missing, -1);
+
+#if 1
+    rb_add_method(rb_cBasicObject, rb_intern("__send__"),
+		  VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED, (void *)OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_SEND, 0);
+    rb_add_method(rb_mKernel, rb_intern("send"),
+		  VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED, (void *)OPTIMIZED_METHOD_TYPE_SEND, 0);
+#else
+    rb_define_method(rb_cBasicObject, "__send__", rb_f_send, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "send", rb_f_send, -1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(rb_mKernel, "public_send", rb_f_public_send, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "module_exec", rb_mod_module_exec, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "class_exec", rb_mod_module_exec, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "module_eval", rb_mod_module_eval, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "class_eval", rb_mod_module_eval, -1);
+
+    rb_eUncaughtThrow = rb_define_class("UncaughtThrowError", rb_eArgError);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eUncaughtThrow, "initialize", uncaught_throw_init, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eUncaughtThrow, "tag", uncaught_throw_tag, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eUncaughtThrow, "value", uncaught_throw_value, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_eUncaughtThrow, "to_s", uncaught_throw_to_s, 0);
+
+    id_tag = rb_intern_const("tag");
+    id_value = rb_intern_const("value");
+}